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Chapter 16 Notes Interactions of Living Things
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16.1 Notes Everything is Connected
ecology – the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment An environment has two parts: biotic – living organisms abiotic – nonliving, the physical factors that affect living organisms such as water, soil, light, & temperature
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16.1 Notes Everything is Connected
6 levels of environmental organization: individual – a single living thing population – two or more organisms of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time community – two or more populations of different species that live and interact in an area ecosystem – two or more populations in their abiotic environment (water, soil, light, temperature) biome – the climate affects the plant community which affects the animal community (rainforest, desert) biosphere – the part of the Earth where life exists
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16.2 Notes Living Things Need Energy
3 types of consumers: herbivore – a consumer that eats only plants (koala) carnivore – a consumer that eats only animals (lion) omnivore – a consumer that eats both plants and animals (humans/bears)
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16.2 Notes Living Things Need Energy
A food chain includes: producer – plants that use energy in sunlight to make food (plant) consumer – animals that eat plants and/or other animals (animal) scavenger – animals that eat the dead body of another animal (vulture, hyena, fox) decomposer – an organism that gets energy from the remains of an animal and absorbs the nutrients (bacteria)
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16.2 Notes Living Things Need Energy
primary consumer – first consumer to eat the energy from the plant (cow) cow eats grass herbivore secondary consumer – second consumer to eat the energy (lion) lion eats the cow carnivore tertiary consumer – third consumer to eat the energy vulture eats what’s left of the cow scavenger
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16.2 Notes Living Things Need Energy
food chain – a chain of energy in food molecules that flows from one organism to the next food web – many food chains connected that makes energy flow from one organism to the next energy pyramid – a diagram that shows the loss of energy at each higher level
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16.2 Notes Living Things Need Energy
habitat – an environment where an organism lives niche – an organisms way of life in its habitat
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Questions How do animals get energy?
Eating (consuming food) Pandas and koalas eat plants. What do pandas and koalas have in common? (vocab word) They are both herbivores
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Questions What are the 4 abiotic factors in an environment?
Water, soil, light, temperature If the amount of producers went down, what would happen to the amount of carnivores? Go down also
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16.3 Notes Types of Interactions
limiting factor – one or more resources become scarce (food/water) carrying capacity – the largest population that an environment can handle competition – two or more organisms or populations try to use the same limited resources such as food, water, shelter, space, or sunlight
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16.3 Notes Types of Interactions
prey – animal that gets hunted (hunted) predator – animal that hunts other animals (hunter) coevolution – two or more species have adapted to each other
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16.3 Notes Types of Interactions
symbiosis – a close long term association between two or more species 3 types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism – a symbiotic relationship which both animals benefit (coral & algae) commensalism – a symbiotic relationship which one animal benefits and the other is unaffected (shark & remora) parasitism – a symbiotic relationship which one animal benefits and the other is harmed (dog & tick)
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16.3 Notes Types of Interactions
parasite – an organism benefiting by harming another organism (tick) host – an organism being harmed by a parasite (dog)
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Questions True/False Insects and rabbits play the same role in different food chains. True because both are herbivores Which would cause the most destruction of a food chain? Killing the producer
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Questions Write for each animal below if they are a herbivore or a carnivore: Panda – herbivore Grizzly bear - carnivore Koala - herbivore Bullfrog - carnivore Kangaroo - herbivore Bison - herbivore Cow - herbivore Cougar - carnivore
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