1. A 50-Gb/s IP Router 참고논문 : Craig Partridge et al. [ IEEE/ACM ToN, June 1998 ]

2. MGR --- multi-gigabit router Performance 32 MPPS forwarding rates (1000b/packet) 50 Gb/s of full-duplex backplane capacity rate and bandwidth 2~10 times faster than high-performance routers available at that time Why and How?

3. Outline Router Architecture Major Innovations Architectures Line Card Design Forwarding Engines Switched BUS Network Processor Routing/Forwarding Tables Summary

4. Why MGR is needed Several multi-gigabit networking technologies have emerged: ATM/SONET, Optical WDM, Fiber Channel… Thus requires Multi-gigabit IP routers Multi-Gigabit Router is especially useful for integrating ATM into the Internet

5. Router Architecture Routing Engines Packets InPackets Out Packet Forwarding Engines

6. Router Architecture Any problems if we design MGR ? Routing Engines Packets InPackets Out Packet Forwarding Engines bottleneck?Bus speed?

7. MGR architecture

8. Innovations Five major innovations I.each forwarding engine has a complete set of routing tables (100KB for 50K routes) mis-hit causes 1000 times slow II.crossbar switched backplane parallelism of a switch III.separate forwarding engines and line cards instead of one board not sure one board is enough to fit two functions flexibility

9. Innovations Five major innovations IV.placing forwarding engines on separate cards link-layers/abstract link-layer header format share forwarding engines/robust V.QoS processing in the router line-speed QoS classify packets scheduling in outbound line card

10. MGR Outline

11. What ’ s Following Line Card Design Forwarding Engines Crossbar Switch BUS Network Processor Managing Routing and Forwarding Tables

12. Line Card Design One Line Card (total cards: 15) 16 interfaces (total < 2.5Gb/s) Disjoint inbound/outbound Processing Inbound Packet Processing Outbound Packet Processing

13. Line Card Design --- inbound Inbound Packet Processing Simple, 64-Byte pages 1 st page (Header) to forwarding engine Updated page replaces 1 st page Two situations Multicasts ATM

14. Line Card Design --- outbound Outbound Packet Processing Assemble pages to packet Pass to line card’s QoS processor VLIW programmable state machine Event-driven Arrival of packet event Transmission interface’s ready event Allocation of bandwidth changes event Timer event

15. Forwarding Engines - processor Alpha 21164 Processor 64-bit 32-Register Super-scalar RISC First level cache (Instruction & Data) (8kB) 2048 Instructions Enough to do key routing function On-chip secondary cache (96kB) 12,000 entry cache (64bit), hit-rate >=95% Tertiary cache (up to 16M) Two banks, complete forwarding table

16. Forwarding Engines - hardware Read from FIFO Writes to inbound/outbound line card.

17. Forwarding Engines - software Performance 85 instructions in common case No less than 42 cycles Peak forwarding speed of 9.8 MPPS per forwarding engines

18. Forwarding Engines - software Three stages for fast path through Check header/length/option/load route No checksum here May lookup the route if not match, may update TTL/checksum Write back the TTL/checksum/routing information Link-layer information Flow classifier ( Why? ) 21% increasing cycles to pay to check for a rare error

19. Forwarding Engines - software Special cases Header whose destination misses in the route cache Headers with errors Header with IP options Datagrams that must be fragmented Multicast datagrams Goal Frequent and easy-handled packets are done in the Alpha Otherwise, are pushed of to network processor

20. Forwarding Engines - software Instruction Mix

21. Forwarding Engines – Abstract link layer header Summary link-layer information for forwarding engine and line cards Advantages: keep forwarding engine and its code simple.

22. Switched BUS Switched BUS / Shared BUS Point-to-Point switch, crossbar Point-to-Multicast ??? Input-queued switch Allocation Algorithm Maximize throughput at the expense of predictable latency

23. Switched BUS

24. Allocator The heart of the high-speed switch in MGR

25. Network Processor Routing Processing/Complicated processing on packet Commercial PC motherboard with PCI interface 1.1 NetBSD release of UNIX Public source code Customize IP code More free software on UNIX

26. Routing/Forwarding Tables Routing tables Network processor Forwarding Tables Forwarding engines Routing Tables  Forwarding Tables Small forwarding tables for forwarding engine Two banks of memory in Forwarding Engines Decouple two operations Processing routing updates Actual updating of forwarding tables

27. Summary More than fast enough Keep up with the latest transmission technologies at that time Two important contributions It is feasible for MGR Examine every datagram header Eliminate doubts router technology could not keep up with the high-speed networks

28. Questions? Thank You