1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. AP Environmental Science Mr. Grant Lesson 102 Wind Energy & Geothermal Energy

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives: Define the term ground source heat pumps (GSHPs). Describe wind power and how we harness it, and evaluate its benefits and drawbacks. Describe geothermal energy and the ways we make use of it, and assess its advantages and disadvantages.

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Define the terms ground source heat pumps (GSHPs). Ground Source Heat Pumps A pump that harnesses geothermal energy from near-surface sources of earth and water, and that can help heat residences.

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Describe wind energy and the ways it is harnessed, and evaluate its advantages and disadvantages. Energy from the wind is harnessed using wind turbines mounted on towers. Turbines are often erected in arrays at wind farms located on land or offshore, in locations with optimal wind conditions. Wind energy is renewable, turbine operation creates no emissions, wind farms can generate economic benefits, and the cost of wind power is competitive with that of electricity from fossil fuels. Wind is an intermittent resource and is adequate only in some locations. Turbines kill some birds and bats and wind farms can face opposition from local residents.

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind has long been used for energy Wind energy = energy derived from movement of air -An indirect form of solar energy Wind turbines = devices that convert wind’s kinetic energy into electric energy Windmills have been used for 800 years to pump water After the 1973 oil embargo, governments funded research and development -Moderate funding boosted technological progress -Today’s wind turbines look like airplane propellers or helicopters

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind turbines turn kinetic to electric energy Wind blowing into a turbine turns the blades of the rotor -Which rotate machinery inside a compartment (nacelle) on top of a tall tower Towers are 45–105 m (148–344 ft) tall -Minimizing turbulence and maximizing wind speed

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind farms Wind farms = turbines erected in groups of up to hundreds of turbines Turbines harness wind as efficiently as possible -Different turbines turn at different speeds Slight differences in wind speed yield significant differences in power output -If wind velocity doubles, energy quadruples -Increased speeds cause more air molecules to pass through the turbine, increasing power output

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind is the fastest-growing energy sector Wind power has doubled every 3 years in recent years -Five nations produce 75% of the world’s wind power -But dozens of nations now produce wind power Electricity is almost as cheap as from fossil fuels -So wind power will grow -A long-term federal tax credit would increase wind power even more

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Denmark leads the world in wind power Denmark gets the greatest percentage of its energy from wind power Texas generates the most wind power in the U.S. Wind power could meet 20% of the electrical needs of the entire U.S. by 2030 Wind supplies 20% of Denmark’s electricity needs

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Offshore sites hold promise Wind speeds are 20% greater over water than over land -Also less air turbulence over water Costs to erect and maintain turbines in water are higher -But more power is produced and it is more profitable Currently, turbines are limited to shallow water The first U.S. offshore wind farm will have 130 turbines -Off Cape Cod, Massachusetts

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind power has many benefits Wind produces no emissions once installed -Prevents the release of CO 2, SO 2, NO x, mercury It is more efficient than conventional power sources -EROI = 23:1 (nuclear = 16:1; coal = 11:1) Turbines use less water than conventional power plants Local areas can become more self-sufficient Farmers and ranchers can lease their land -Produces extra revenue while still using the land Advancing technology is also reducing the cost of wind farm construction

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind power creates job opportunities 35,000 new U.S. jobs were created in 2008 -85,000 employees work in the wind industry Over 100 colleges and universities offer programs and degrees that train people for jobs in renewable energy

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind power has some downsides We have no control over when wind will occur -Limitations on relying on it for electricity -Batteries or hydrogen fuel can store the energy Wind sources are not always near population centers that need energy -Transmission networks need to be expanded Local residents often oppose them -Not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome Turbines threaten birds and bats, which can be killed when they fly into rotating blades

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. wind-generating capacity Mountainous regions have the most wind and wind turbines 15% of U.S. energy demand could be met using 16,600 mi 2 of land (less than 5% is occupied by turbines and roads)

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Describe geothermal energy and the way it is harnessed, and evaluate its advantages and disadvantages. Energy from radioactive decay in Earth’s core rises toward the surface and heats groundwater. This energy is harnessed at the surface or by drilling at geothermal power plants. Use of geothermal energy for direct heating of the water, electricity generation, and in heat pumps can be efficient, clean, and renewable. Geothermal sources occur only in certain areas and may be exhausted.

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Geothermal energy Geothermal energy = thermal energy from beneath Earth’s surface Radioactive decay of elements under extremely high pressures deep inside the planet generates heat -Which rises through magma, fissures, and cracks -Or heats groundwater, which erupts as geysers or submarine hydrothermal vents Geothermal power plants use hot water and steam for heating homes, drying crops, and generating electricity Geothermal energy provides more electricity than solar -As much as wind

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The origins of geothermal energy

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The U.S. is the leader in geothermal use

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Geothermal power has benefits and limits Geothermal power reduces emissions -Each megawatt of geothermal power prevents release of 15.5 million lb of CO 2 each year But it may not be sustainable if the plant withdraws water faster than it can be recharged -Water or wastewater can be injected into the ground Patterns of geothermal activity in the crust shift Water has salts and minerals that corrode equipment and pollute the air It is limited to areas where the energy can be trapped

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Enhanced geothermal systems Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) = deep holes are drilled into the Earth -Cold water is pumped in and heats -It is withdrawn to generate electricity It could be used in many locations Heat resource below the U.S. could power the Earth’s demands for millennia But EGS can trigger minor earthquakes -Our use of geothermal power will stay localized

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Heat pumps use temperature differences We can take advantage of natural temperature differences between the soil and air -Soil temperatures vary less than air temperatures -Soil temperatures are nearly constant year round Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) = geothermal pumps heat buildings in the winter by transferring heat from the ground to the building -In summer, heat is transferred from the building to the ground

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. GSHPs are efficient More than 600,000 U.S. homes use GSHPs GSHPs heat spaces 50–70% more efficiently -Cool spaces 20–40% more efficiently -Reduce electricity use 25–60% -Reduce emissions up to 70%