1. Georgia geography, Native American cultures, European explorations, Trustee and Royal time periods SS8G1, SS8H1, SS8H2 All notes must be hand-written to receive credit- only copy the numbered slides into your notes!

3. 1. Georgia’s Geography  Broken in to 5 regions: –Blue Ridge Mountains (NE)  Largest mountains (Brasstown Bald)  Mining (gold)  Tourism –Valley and Ridge  Open valleys, narrow ridges (important during Civil War) –Appalachian Plateau (NW)  Smallest region  TAG (TN, AL, GA) –Piedmont (middle)  Most populated (ATL, Athens, Augusta, etc.) –Coastal Plains (3/5ths of the state)  Inner Coastal Plain- agriculture  Outer Coastal Plain- Savannah area

4. 2. The Fall Line  Natural boundary between Piedmont & Coastal Plain  Hilly above  Flat below

5. 3. Okefenokee Swamp  Largest freshwater swamp in U.S.  Once home to Seminole Indians  Now a wildlife refuge

6. 4. Chattahoochee and Savannah Rivers  Savannah River: natural boundary between GA and SC  Chattahoochee: Flows throughout the state of GA: primary source of drinking water

7. 5. Barrier Islands  Protects GA from hurricanes (erosion)  Tybee, St. Simons, Jekyll, etc.  Spanish missions  plantations (rice & indigo)  tourism

8. 6. Native American cultures  Paleo  Archaic  Woodland  Mississippian  Paleo Ate Wild Mammoth

9. 7. Paleo  12,000-8,000 BC  Oldest group- PREHISTORIC  Completely nomadic (followed their food)  Weapons: clovis points

10. 8. Archaic  8,000-1,000 BC…..Still prehistoric  Technological advancements: –atlatl –Axe –pottery

11. 9. Woodland  1000 BC-750 CE  Started settling: –First group to farm –Lived in small villages –Bow & arrow –First mound builders (religious ceremonies)

12. 10. Mississippian  800 CE-1600 CE  Most complex: –Large farms –Mound builders –Traders –Chiefdoms

13. 11. Contact with Europe  Mississippians came in contact with European explorers: –Hernando de Soto  Starved thousands  Slaughtered thousands  Diseases

14. 12. Hernando de Soto  Europeans were searching for: –GOD: spread Christianity (more $ and power) –GOLD: riches for themselves & their motherland –GLORY: bragging rights over other countries- conquistadors wanted fortune and fame

15. 13. Hernando De Soto  What they brought from Europe: –GOD: religions (which was FORCED on natives). Built Spanish Missions to convert natives to Christianity –GUNS: hugely advanced technology –GERMS: ended Mississippian culture- smallpox and flu resulted in massive losses

16. 14. Differing values  Biggest differences between Europeans and Native Americans: –Belief in religion (nature vs. God) –Belief in land ownership  Europeans believed you could own land  N.A.’s believed land belonged to everyone

17. 15. 3 Countries Compete  3 European countries: –France  North (Canada) Concentrated on fur trade. Hugenots (French Protestants) found religious freedom in GA in 1680’s –Spain  GA explorations failed….conquered & controlled Florida: founded Spanish missions (churches) in the Barrier Islands –England  Wanted permanent colonies for trade

18. 16. Who won?  ENGLAND –1607: Jamestown, Virginia –Other colonies followed (including GA) –Grew rice, tobacco, indigo for England

19. 17. Mercantilism  Export more than you import  Raw materials  sent to England for production  finished products sold back to colonists  EX: Trees cut down in colonies  made into furniture in England  sold back to colonists

20. 18. Mercantilism = $$$ for England

21. 19. Mercantilism in action…  British investors wanted GA colonists to plant Mulberry trees –Produce silk –Global demand –Climate too hot for the trees to survive –Failed attempt- turned to other cash crops

22. 20. Our unofficial leader….  James Oglethorpe (1696- 1785) –Member of British Parliament –Idealist: wanted to create a colony for ‘worthy poor’…..(never happened) –1 of 21 Trustees that founded GA –Worked WITH Native Americans

23. 21. The Charter of 1732  Document that gave permission for GA to be founded  3 reasons: 1.Charity- give English ‘worthy poor’ a second chance 2. Economics- mercantilism:  rice, wine, indigo, most importantly= silk  Colonists had to plant mulberry trees 3. Defense- Buffer between rich South Carolina and Spanish Florida

24. New Rules- TRUSTEE PERIOD  No rum or hard liquor  No slavery in GA  Barred liquor dealers, lawyers, & Catholics  Colonists HAD to defend GA  Grow Mulberry trees (for silk)  Could not sell their land  Female heirs couldn’t inherit  Obey ALL rules of Trustees

25. 22. Relations with Native Americans  Chief Tomochichi –Chief of Yamacraws –Allowed Oglethorpe to settle ‘Yamacraw Bluff,’ later, Savannah (first city & capital) –Hoped for peace and trade between N.A. and English  Mary Musgrove –Interpreter for Tomochichi and Oglethorpe

26. 23. Immigrant groups  Salzburgers –Austrian protestant refugees –Settled ‘Ebenezer’ and ‘New Ebenezer’ –VERY antislavery –First to:  Establish Sunday school  Found orphanage  Have success with silk production

27. 24. Immigrant groups  Highland Scots –Brought by Oglethorpe to be soldiers –Agreed because they wanted land of their own –VERY antislavery

28. 25. Malcontents  VERY upset about Trustee’s rules  Wanted to own slaves  Wanted to be able to buy more land  Response Question (in class): What would the benefits be for colonists if they owned slaves?

29. 26. Threat from Spanish Florida  Spanish FL still an ever-present threat  Spanish wanted to get to South Carolina, where tobacco farms made the colony HUGE money  GA was the BUFFER between SC and FL

30. 27. Battle of Bloody Marsh  Spanish constantly attacking GA  Oglethorpe declared war on Spanish FL –Native Americans were allies to Oglethorpe –Beat the Spanish at the Battle of Bloody Marsh  FL never tried again

31. 28. Trustees Fail  Trustees couldn’t make people follow their rules (could not self-govern)  Gave the colony back to King George II in 1752  GA becomes a ROYAL colony

32. 29. A Royal Colony  Now GA is under direct British rule-1752  King appoints Royal governors to rule GA –Reynolds –Ellis –Wright –Tumultuous time in GA

33. 30. John Reynolds  First Royal Governor of GA  Introduced self-government –Georgia colonists hadn’t been able to vote, elect officials, or collect taxes under the Trustees –Set up court system –Bi-cameral (2 house) legislature  Lower House: colonists could run and be elected  Upper House: King appointed officials

34. 31. Fired!  Reynolds tried to act like the King, taking away the rights he introduced to colonists  Replaced with Henry Ellis –Allowed slavery into GA –HUGE economic gains –Successful and well-liked royal governor –Wright took over when Ellis became ill  Was governor during American Revolution

35. 32. Results of Royal Colony  Unlike under the Trustee’s rule, Georgians could now: –Use slaves to expand agricultural profits –Own more land –Introduced self-government (elections, voting, bi-cameral legislature, etc.)

36. 33. What’s to come…  Georgians liked Reynolds idea of self- government so much, they would later be willing to go to war with England to preserve it

37. TEST TIME!! Test will cover: -GA geography -Native American cultures -European explorations -Founding of GA -Trustee Colony -Royal Colony -All test questions will come directly from your notes