1. Chowan River TMDL Development and Source Assessment Blackwater River Area October 25, 2004

2. Blackwater River Watershed

3. TMDL Steps – Blackwater River Monitoring/Listing - Identification of Water Quality Problem. Source Assessment – Locating potential contributors of pollutant in watershed. Modeling – Examining the movement of sources from the land to the water. Allocation/TMDL – Use the model to determine the load reductions necessary to achieve water quality goals.

4. Historical Water Quality Data Analysis ImpairmentStation Sampled Dates Count (#) Minimum (cfu/100ml) Maximum (cfu/100ml) Mean (cfu/100ml) Median (cfu/100ml) Violation (%) 400 Cypress Swamp5ACPP003.209/90-3/0455189,20059210011 Cypress Swamp5ACPP006.045/01-6/031210080024210017 Cypress Swamp5ACPP007.847/03-3/049252,0003837522 Johnchecohunk S.5AJCH002.277/03-3/049251,30036625022 Mill Swamp5AMSW006.778/94-3/04381816,00077510518 Rattlesnake Cr.5ARKN006.408/94-3/04102134,80031210016 Fecal Coliform Concentrations

5. Water Quality Data Analysis E. coli ImpairmentStation Sampled Dates Count (#) Minimum (cfu/100ml) Maximum (cfu/100ml) Mean (cfu/100ml) Median (cfu/100ml) Violation (%) 235 Cypress Swamp5ACPP03.20 7/03- 4/04 912250824422 Cypress Swamp5ACPP007.84 7/03- 6/04 12208002048517 Johnchecohunk S.5AJCH002.27 7/03- 6/04 122030012411017 Mill Swamp5AMSW006.77 7/03- 4/04 9144001006411 Rattlesnake Cr.5ARKN006.40 7/03- 8/04 172826098806

6. Source Assessment Livestock Wildlife Pets Permitted discharges Wastewater treatment facilities Human Biosolids

7. Permitted Discharges Chlorine  fecal coliform translator Historical averages (DMR) for calibration period Design values for allocations Direct application

8. Permitted Discharges Receiving Water Permit IDFacility Spring BranchVA0061310Spring Branch WWTF

9. Human Source Population, housing units, and onsite treatment system based on U.S. Census Sanitary Sewer Loading rates  Exfiltration  Overflows Land-applied / direct deposition  Loading type  Proximity to stream

10. Human Source Septic Systems Failure to soil surface throughout year Lateral movement continuously to stream Straight Pipes Direct continuous input into stream Biosolids Land-applied

11. Human Source

12. Human Source (2004) ImpairmentPopulation Housing Units (HU) HU with Sewer HU with Septic HU with Other Cypress Swamp 1,118436039641 Mill Swamp 843338030533 Rattlesnake (Creek) Swamp 1,147446041333

13. Pet Source Population/household based on literature values, veterinarians, and animal control Translated to housing units based on U.S. Census Land-applied

14. Pet Source (2004) ImpairmentDogsCats Cypress Swamp 268261 Mill Swamp 180202 Rattlesnake (Creek) Swamp 238267

15. Livestock Source Distribution of waste Pastured Confined, waste collected, spread Direct deposition to the stream Seasonal varying applications Population Virginia Agricultural Statistics Consultation with SWCD, NRCS, VADCR, and VCE Watershed visits

16. Livestock Population Estimates ImpairmentAll cattleBeefDairyHogHorseSheepGoat Cypress Swamp 201008025045 Mill Swamp 303153027533020 Rattlesnake (Creek) Swamp 1055300200

17. Wildlife Source Population Animal densities from VDGIF biologists Habitat from literature values Distribution of waste based on habitat Land-applied Direct deposition to the stream Seasonal variations based on migration patterns and food sources

18. Wildlife Population ImpairmentDeerTurkeyGooseDuckMuskratRaccoonBeaver Cypress Swamp 1,35235614436719,9682,526258 Mill Swamp 859217912329,4321,621131 Rattlesnake (Creek) Swamp 97425512230912,0072,169159

19. Bacterial Source Tracking Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (ARA) Differentiates the sources of bacteria based on bacterial resistance to antibiotics

20. Bacterial Source Tracking Results StationDate Fecal Coliform (cfu/100 ml) E. Coli (cfu/100 ml) Percent Isolates classified as: WildlifeHumanLivestockPet 5ACPP003.20 7/23/200360025029%4%50%17% 8/13/20036,00029038%0%62%0% 9/15/20033502400% 100%0% 10/14/2003120400% 50% 11/12/20033404854%0%4%42% 12/3/20031004050%4%25%21% 1/14/2004201630%0%10%60% 2/17/2004301250%0%12%38% 3/3/2004304484%0%8% 4/15/2004404884%0%4%12% 5/12/2004207088%0%12%0% 6/9/2004127066%17%0%17% BOLD type indicates a statistically significant value.

21. Bacterial Source Tracking Results StationDate Fecal Coliform (cfu/100 ml) E. Coli (cfu/100 ml) Percent Isolates classified as: WildlifeHumanLivestockPet 5AMSW006.77 7/14/20036704000%4%96%0% 8/11/20032,8001400% 88%12% 10/20/20038020100%0% 11/17/200315013471%0%4%25% 12/8/2003606688%4%8%0% 1/12/2004201472%14% 0% 2/9/20041202427%0%073% 3/15/2004503817%0% 83% 4/12/2004206450%8%4%38% 5/10/20045012025%0%25%50% 6/14/200410011050%0%25% BOLD type indicates a statistically significant value.

22. Bacterial Source Tracking Results StationDate Fecal Coliform (cfu/100 ml) E. Coli (cfu/100 ml) Percent Isolates classified as: WildlifeHumanLivestockPet 5ARNK006.40 7/14/20032701300%4%96%0% 8/11/20035,90017012%0%88%0% 9/8/200377026071%0%21%8% 10/20/20031204025%0%75%0% 11/17/200316014450%0%33%17% 12/8/200311014284%8% 0% 1/12/2004302825%6%14%50% 2/9/20047010425%4%33%38% 3/15/200450285%16%5%74% 4/12/2004209271%0%17%12% 5/10/20047011075%0% 25% 6/14/200415019059%9%0%32% BOLD type indicates a statistically significant value.

23. Modeling

24. Models Hydrology and Water Quality Hydrologic Simulation Program – Fortran (HSPF)  Watershed-based  Continuous time interval  Land-applied, direct loads

25. Wildlife in Stream VPDES Permit Conceptual Model Mathematical Representation Withdrawal Direct discharges Overland Wildlife on the Land Pastured Livestock Straight Pipes Lateral Flow from Septic Systems Parking Lots Livestock in Stream Septic Failures Sewer Overflows Biosolids Application Pets

26. Hydrologic Modeling Components Climatic data Land use Topography Soils Stream channel characteristics Point source discharge/withdrawal Flow data

27. Land use ImpairmentAcres Forest (%) Barren (%) Agricultural (%) Urban (%) Water (%) Cypress Swamp37,69367616011 Mill Swamp23,86045131023 Rattlesnake (Creek) Swamp 77,72145129025 Based on Aerial Photos/Land Use maps/On site surveys Project For Growth/land use change Model forest, wetland, agricultural and urban areas

28. Water Quality Modeling Components Sources Fecal production FC densities FC distribution Delivery Mechanisms Direct Land-applied Temporal Variation

29. Allocation Scenarios Project impact of Load Reductions from various sources. (Ex: 99% Human, 60% livestock, 0% Wildlife). Explore impact of BMP’s. Develop reduction/BMP scenarios that will achieve water quality standards.

30. Public Meeting 2 Public Review Submit to EPA State Approval Implementation Plan Development Implementation