1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM By Briana Campbell & Stacie Walker

2. Function  Obtaining oxygen and removing Carbon Dioxide are the primary functions  The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells is called respiration  http://youtu.be/p4zOXOM6wgE http://youtu.be/p4zOXOM6wgE

3. Air through the Respiratory System 1. Nose/Mouth 2. Nasal Cavity 3. Nasopharynx 4. Oropharynx 5. Laryngopharynx 6. Larynx 7. Trachea 8. Bronchi 9. Bronchioles 10. Alveoli 11. Capillaries of lungs

4. Major Organs

5. Nose  Made of bone and cartilage that support the nose  Nostrils are openings for air  First line of defense against contaminants in the air  Any large particulate matter is filtered out by the nose hairs  Separated by nasal septum

6. Nasal Cavity  Nasal conch divides the nasal cavity into passage ways to help increase the area of the mucous membrane  Filters, warms and moistens incoming air  To maintain good health it is necessary to keep the lower respiratory system warm  Second line of defense  The mucous that coats the lining of the nasal cavity filters out particles that are smaller  Ciliary action carries particles trapped in the mucus to the pharynx where they are swallowed

7. Paranasal Sinuses  Mucous membrane lines the sinus  Divided into the  frontal  maxillary  sphenoid  ethnoid  Named after the bones they are near

8. Pharynx  Behind the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx  Passageway for air and food  Air is further purified and filtered to eliminate germs and unwanted chemicals

9. Larynx  Conducts air and helps prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea  The glottis and epiglottis helps prevent foods and liquids from entering the trachea  Contains vocal cords which vibrate from side to side to produce sounds

10. Trachea  Often called the windpipe  Little longer than 4 inches  Extends into the thoracic cavity anterior to the esophagus  Divides into the right and left bronchi

11. Bronchial tree  Branched air passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs  As tubes get smaller they are called bronchioles  Alveoli are at the distal ends of the narrowest tubes the alveolar ducts

12. Alveoli

13. Lungs  Soft spongy and cone shaped  Mediastinum separates to the left and right lungs  Diaphragm and thoracic cage enclose them  Viceral pleura attaches to the surface of the lungs  Each lobe of the lungs is composed of:  Alveoli  Blood vessels  Supporting tissues

14. Lungs

15. Breathing Mechanism  Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs  Occurs when the pressure inside the alveoli decreases  Breathing in  Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension within alveoli provide the force for expiration  Thoracic and abdominal wall muscles aid in expiration  Breathing out InspirationExpiration

16. Inspiration

17. Expiration

18. Respiratory Center  Brain stem and portions of the Pons and Medulla Oblongata  Pneumotaxic regulates breathing rates

19. Decreased blood oxygen concentration stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

20. Respiratory Membrane  Consists of alveolar and capillary walls  Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across the membrane  Inner lining of simple squamous epithelium and a dense network of capillaries

21. Diffusion  Partial pressure of a gas is proportional to the concentration of that gas in a mixture or the concentration dissolved in a liquid  Gases diffuse from regions of higher partial pressure toward regions of lower partial pressure  Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood  Carbon Dioxide diffuses from blood into alveolar air

22. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

23. Oxygen  Blood mainly transports oxygen in combination with hemoglobin molecules  The resulting oxyhemoglobin is unstable and releases its oxygen in regions where the PO2 is low  More oxygen is released as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as blood becomes more acidic, and as the blood temperature increases

25. Carbon Dioxide  Carbon Dioxide may be carried in solution, bound to hemoglobin, or as a bicarbonate ion  Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions  The enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid  Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

26. Gases in the blood

27. Factors that affect Breathing  Chemicals, stretching of lung tissues, and emotional states affect breathing  Chemosensitive areas are associated with the respiratory center  Blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions influence the central chemoreceptors  Stimulation of these receptors increases breathing rate

28. Factors that affect Breathing ( cont)  Peripheral chemoreceptors are in the walls of certain large arteries  These chemoreceptors sense low oxygen concentration  When oxygen concentration is low, breathing rate increases  Overstretching lung tissues triggers an inflation reflex  This reflex shortens the duration of inspiratory movements  The inflation reflex prevents over inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

29. Factors that affect Breathing ( cont)  Hyperventilation decreases blood carbon dioxide concentration, but this is very dangerous when done before swimming underwater

30. Diseases  Asthma- a lung disease characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction  Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes  Emphysema- condition in which the alveoli are inefficient because of distension  Pneumonia- inflammation of a lung caused by infection, chemical inhalation, or trauma  Tracheostenosis- abnormal narrowing of the trachea

31.  “Roses are red, Violets are blue, without your lungs, your blood would be too” -Susan Ott

32. Works Cited  Category. "How to Make a Lung Model." Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013.  Collins, C. Edward. A Short Course in Medical Terminology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. Print.  Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. Hole's essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print.  Shiland, Betsy J.. "Respiratory System." Mastering Healthcare Terminology. 2003. Reprint. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2006. 374-409. Print.  "Textbook Images." Your Page Title. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013.