1. Overview of projects undertaken by CSIR BE Prof Wynand JvdM Steyn CSIR Built Environment TUT

2. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 2 Content CSIR Structure Purpose in life Funding sources Focus areas External projects SRP projects PG projects PG details Nanotechnology in pavement engineering Application of soil mapping to road engineering Summary

3. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 3 CSIR structure Leadership Built Environment Information and communications technology Materials science & manufacturing Biosciences Defence, peace, safety & security Natural resources & the environment Laser technologySpace technology

4. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 4 CSIR BE structure Built Environment Architectural sciences Infrastructure systems & operations Infrastructure engineering Construction Logistics & quantitative methods Planning support systems Rural infrastructure & services Agencies: Agrément SA Asphalt Academy

5. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 5 CSIR purpose in life directed and multidisciplinary research technological innovation & industrial and scientific development improve quality of life of the country’s people supporting innovation improve national competitiveness in the global economy

6. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 6 CSIR funding sources External (75%) Local and international Focused research and specialist consultancy Answer the questions of the client Solving specific problems Internal (25 %) Parliamentary grant (PG) Strategic Research Programme (SRP) Develop new fields of study

7. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 7 Infrastructure Engineering Focus areas Transport Infrastructure Engineering Accelerated Pavement Testing Advanced Material Testing / Rock Mechanics Laboratory Coastal engineering and ports infrastructure Housing Technology and Building Physics

8. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 8 External projects (current / recent major) SA GDPTRW asphalt study SANRAL thin concrete SANRAL SAPDM PAWC LTPP and LIC Africa Ghana design manual Uganda lime project Ethiopia investigation International CALTRANS pavement research (concrete, WA, riding quality, etc)

9. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 9 SRP projects Strategic Research Programme funding 2 to 3 years Stimulate knowledge based technological innovation in support of the CSIR mandate and the DST ten-year innovation plan Supports achievement of impact in the following areas Enhanced competitiveness of the local industry Improved quality of life of the people of South Africa Contribution to skills development and human capital development Currently 3 Nano-phosphor Renewable road binders Advanced digital image port engineering

10. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 10 Parliamentary Grant (PG) projects Flagship project - Innovative technologies and solutions for enhanced road system performance Innovative Refer to both radical and incremental changes to products, processes or services Goal of innovation is to solve a problem Road infrastructure key driver supporting and stimulating socio- economic development Uniquely SA solutions developed, calibrated & validated Optimal & sustainable utilisation of limited resources Concerns Current condition Traffic volumes and mass Material availability Logistics costs Human capacity

11. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 11 Tasks, progress and main findings General Mostly 3 year projects with ongoing focus Support of Type A, B and C research questions Support of current and planned externally funded projects Specific HR development

12. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 12 Tasks, progress and main findings Materials Recycled Materials - Secondary cementation Chemical and liquid stabilisers - Physical Bonding Durability and performance of stabilised materials - 2 x Carbonation Theories Stabilised material curing – Lab vs Field Application of soil mapping to infrastructure/geotechnical engineering Structural failures of the road environment (non-pavement): Slope Stability Nano technology applications in pavement materials Performance prediction of bitumen based on chemical analysis Chemical properties of materials- Accelerated laboratory ageing – long term performance

13. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 13 Tasks, progress and main findings Pavement engineering FEM development and verification, including development/improvement of PADS suite Limit state design of concrete – Ultra-Thin Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Advanced deflection analyses - Differences between the deflection and hence stiffness results from different devices Concrete pavement studies – focus on environmental issues

14. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 14 Tasks, progress and main findings Advanced measurement Advanced observational techniques of materials – CT Scans, SEM and Atomic Force Microscopy CSIR BE Laboratory accreditation procedure completion Advances in existing test methods – i.e. strain-at-break, tri-axial, dust and spray monitors - concentrate on field strain-at-break apparatus, Hamburg & TWTT Concept development of new-generation HVS & associated equipment

15. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 15 Tasks, progress and main findings Interaction Mitigation of solar radiation – focus on temperature and durability – ThermalPADS Advanced SIM analysis – Including framework for tyre Contact Stress Information System & MK V SIM device

16. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 16 PG project - Nanotechnology for pavement engineering Nanotechnology focuses on nanoscale Chemistry and Physics - basic sciences – nanotechnology tools Engineering – applied science – client of the basic sciences Basic focus vs engineering focus Objectives Scale

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19. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 19 Engineering applications 2 main areas Improved materials development Characterisation of materials

20. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 20 Improved materials - 1 Focus - Scarcity of materials Typical methods Fracture behavior Self healing materials Concrete enhancements Carbon Nanotubes Nanophosphors

21. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 21 Improved materials - 2 Nanophosphors

22. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 22 Characterisation - 1 Require improved understanding of material behavior Typical examples AFM SEM

23. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 23 Characterisation - 2

24. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 24 Characterisation - 3

25. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 25 PG Project - Application of soil mapping to infrastructure engineering Most countries have soil maps at various scales Mapped at 1 : 50 000, Published at 1 : 250 000 Based on land types Maps accompanied by wide range of soil descriptors Mainly for agricultural application Some engineering properties, eg, Atterberg limits Potentially very useful for road engineering Little use is currently made in road engineering Application to road engineering Material thicknesses and depths Classification and mineralogy of soils Early identification of potential problem soils

26. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 26 Web-based maps Use revised soil patterns (grouping of certain patterns) Can alter scale on the screen Add and remove features (roads, water, cadastral info, etc) Various derived maps, eg, swelling clays Use of maps for Road Engineering Plot road on map Note topography, water, soil patterns Confirm as best route Look at soil patterns Fewer the patterns the more consistent the material Less centre-line testing required Refer to inventory data and profiles

27. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 27 Requirements for roads Planning Road location Areas with least problems Difficult hydrologic, topographic, hard rock conditions, etc Avoid poor areas by realigning early Take into account extra costs and precautionary measures Subgrade conditions Nature and thickness of subgrade soils Potential problems Expansive Collapsible Dispersive Potential subgrade strength

28. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 28 Requirements for roads Material location Maps indicate poorly developed soils (lithosols and rock outcrops) Inventories indicate exposure of rock and rock type Early indication of possible gravel and quarry sites Also show depth of soil, excavatability, plinthic horizons (laterite), hardpan calcrete, etc

29. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 29 Summary Research focusing on solving existing and future problems Both current hands-on and medium to long term view Led by industry requirements

30. © CSIR 2007 www.csir.co.zaSlide 30 READ and LEARN! CSIR Knowledge Portal http://www.csirkms.co.za/default.php Pavement Interactive http://pavementinteractive.org