1. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING
29 CFR 1904
WELCOME 1 1

2. YOUR INSTRUCTOR 2 2

3. COURSE OBJECTIVES NOTE
This Course Is Designed to Introduce Basic Skills in Accident Investigation. Root cause analysis and statistical evaluation of accidents can be very complex. This course is designed for the majority of cases that can be diagnosed rapidly and where outside assistance is not normally required. 3 3

4. COURSE OBJECTIVES Accident Prevention.
(Continued)
Accident Prevention.
Introduce Accident Investigation & Establish Its Role in Today’s Industry.
Introduce Some Basic Skills in the Recognition & Control of Occupational Hazards.
Provide Basic Accident Investigation Skills for Supervisors.
Introduce Accident Investigation Techniques. 4 4

5. BASIS FOR THIS COURSE
Statistically, accident investigation results in prevention
Elimination of workplace injuries & illnesses where possible
Reduction of workplace injuries & illnesses where possible
Development of efficient accident investigative procedures
OSHA Safety Standards require:
Accidents be investigated
Training be conducted
Hazards and precautions be explained
A “Safety” program be established
Job Hazards be assessed and controlled 6 6

6. REGULATORY STANDARD THE GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE FEDERAL - 29 CFR 1903.1
EMPLOYERS MUST: Furnish a place of employment free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees. Employers must comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
OSHA ACT OF 1970 7 7

7. APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
IDENT INVESTIGATION
ACC 8 8

8. APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
ANSI - Z
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ANSI - Z
INJURY STATISTICS, EMPLOYEE OFF THE
JOB INJURY EXPERIENCE RECORDING
AND MEASURING 9 9

9. OSHA CIVIL PENALTIES POLICY
BEFORE MARCH 1, 1991:
VIOLATION NARRATIVE: TEN (10) EMPLOYEES WERE NOTED NOT WEARING EYE PROTECTION IN AREAS WHERE A REASONABLE PROBABILITY OF EYE INJURY COULD OCCUR.
PENALTY: $500
DANGER
EYE PROTECTION
REQUIRED BEYOND
THIS POINT 10 10

10. OSHA CIVIL PENALTIES POLICY
(Continued)
AS OF MARCH 1, 1991:
CHANGES IN PENALTY COMPUTATION:
1. PENALTIES BROKEN OUT INDIVIDUALLY.
2. PENALTIES INCREASED SEVEN FOLD. 11 11

11. OSHA CIVIL PENALTIES POLICY
(Continued)
AS OF MARCH 1, 1991:
VIOLATION NARRATIVE: TEN (10) EMPLOYEES WERE
NOTED NOT WEARING EYE PROTECTION IN AREAS
WHERE A REASONABLE PROBABILITY OF EYE
INJURY COULD OCCUR.
10 VIOLATIONS TIMES $500 = $5000
5000 TIMES SEVEN = $35,000
PENALTY: $ BEFORE MARCH, 1991: $500
AS OF MARCH, 1991: $35,000 12 12

12. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS Review job specific hazards
ALL EMPLOYERS MUST:
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
PROGRAM
IDENT INVESTIGATION
ACC
Review job specific hazards
Implement corrective actions
Conduct hazard assessments
Conduct accident investigations
Provide training to all required employees
Install engineering controls where possible
Institute administrative controls where possible
Control workplace hazards using PPE as a last resort 13 13

13. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS IMPORTANT
A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP:
Improve quality.
Improve absenteeism.
Maintain a healthier work force.
Reduce injury and illness rates.
Acceptance of high-turnover jobs.
Workers feel good about their work.
Reduce workers’ compensation costs.
Elevate SAFETY to a higher level of awareness.
SAFETY
STATISTICS 14 14

14. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS ALSO PREVENTION
“It is estimated that in the United States, 97% of the money spent for medical care is directed toward treatment of an illness, injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on prevention.”
Self-Help Manual For Your Back
H. Duane Saunders, MSPT
by Educational Opportunities 15 15

15. PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PROGRAM REQUIRES:
DEDICATION
PERSONAL INTEREST
MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
NOTE:
UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE
IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL! 16 16

16. KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS TRAINING SAFETY COMMITTEE WORKSITE ANALYSIS
STATISTICAL REVIEWS
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
PROMPT INVESTIGATIONS
SUPERVISOR INVOLVEMENT
HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL 17 17

17. KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued)
SAF
ETY
WORKSITE ANALYSIS
RECORDS REVIEW
PERIODIC SURVEYS
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
SYSTEMATIC SITE ANALYSIS 18 18

18. KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued)
SAFETY COMMITTEE
GOAL SETTING
WRITTEN PROGRAM
EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT
REGULAR PROGRAM ACTIVITY
TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
PERIODIC PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION 19 19

19. KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued)
HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL
PPE REDUCTION
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
OPTIMIZATION OF WORK PRACTICES
DANGER
EYE PROTECTION
REQUIRED BEYOND
THIS POINT 20 20

20. MANAGEMENT’S ROLE CONSIDERATIONS: 1. SUPPORT THE PROCESS.
2. ENSURE YOUR SUPPORT IS VISIBLE.
3. GET INVOLVED.
4. ATTEND THE SAME TRAINING AS YOUR WORKERS.
5. INSIST ON PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP & PROGRAM REVIEW.
6. IMPLEMENT WAYS TO MEASURE EFFECTIVENESS. 21 21

21. THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE CONSIDERATIONS:
1. TREAT ALL “NEAR-MISSES” AS AN ACCIDENT.
2. GET INVOLVED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
3. COMPLETE THE PAPERWORK (WORK ORDERS, POLICY
CHANGES, ETC.) TO MAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.
4. GET YOUR WORKERS INVOLVED.
5. NEVER RIDICULE ANY INJURY.
6. BE PROFESSIONAL - YOU COULD SAVE A LIFE TODAY.
7. ATTEND THE SAME TRAINING AS YOUR WORKERS.
8. FOLLOW-UP ON THE ACTIONS YOU TOOK. 22 22

22. THE EMPLOYEE’S ROLE CONSIDERATIONS:
1. REPORT ALL ACCIDENTS AND NEAR-MISSES IMMEDIATELY.
2. CONTRIBUTE TO MAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.
3. ALWAYS PROVIDE COMPLETE AND ACCURATE INFORMATION.
4. FOLLOW-UP WITH ANY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. 23 23

23. WRITTEN PROGRAM WRITTEN PROGRAMS MUST BE: DEVELOPED IMPLEMENTED
CONTROLLED
PERIODICALLY REVIEWED 24 24

24. SAFETY COMMITTEE COMMITTEES SHOULD:
Hold regular accident review meetings.
Document meetings.
Encourage employee involvement.
Bring employee complaints, suggestions, or
concerns to the attention of management.
Feedback without fear of reprisal should be provided.
Analyze statistical data concerning accidents, and make recommendations for corrective action.
Follow-up is critical. 25 25

25. PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION
EVALUATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDE:
Analysis of trends in injury/illness rates.
Job hazard analysis assessments.
Employee surveys.
Review of results of facility evaluations.
Up-to-date records of job improvements tried or implemented.
Before and after surveys/evaluations of job/worksite changes. 26 26

26. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROLS
ENGINEERING CONTROLS  FIRST CHOICE
 Work Station Design  Tool Selection and Design
 Process Modification  Mechanical Assist
 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS  SECOND CHOICE
 Training Programs  Job Rotation/Enlargement
 Pacing  Policy and Procedures
 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE
 Gloves  Wraps
 Shields  Eye Protection
 Non-Slip Shoes  Aprons 27 27

27. Multiple Causation Theory.
ACCIDENT CAUSATION
Domino Theory.
Multiple Causation Theory. 28 28

28. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Domino Theory.
The occurrence of an injury invariably results from a completed sequence of factors, the last one of these being the injury itself. The accident which caused the injury is in turn invariably caused or permitted directly by the unsafe act of a person and/or a mechanical or physical hazard. 29 29

29. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Domino Theory. (One act or condition)
The unsafe act: Climbing a defective ladder.
The unsafe condition: A defective ladder.
The corrective action 1: Replace the ladder.
The corrective action 2: Forbid use of ladder. 30 30

30. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Multiple Causation Theory.
Factors combined in random fashion to cause accidents. 31 31

31. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Multiple Causation Theory. (Contributing factors)
Was he or she properly trained?
Was he or she reminded not to use it?
Did the employee know not to use it?
Why did the supervisor allow its use?
Did the supervisor examine the job first?
Why was the defective ladder not found? 32 32

32. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Unsafe Acts Horseplay. Defeating safety devices.
Failure to secure or warn.
Operating without authority.
Working on moving equipment.
Taking an unsafe position or posture.
Operating or working at an unsafe speed.
Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining.
Failure to use personal protective equipment. 33 33

33. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Unsafe Conditions (Environmental) Improper PPE.
Improper tools.
Improper guarding.
Poor housekeeping.
Improper ventilation.
Defective equipment.
Improper illumination.
Unsafe dress or apparel.
Hazardous arrangement. 34 34

34. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Unsafe Personal Factors Fatigue. Unclassified
Improper attitude.
Defective hearing.
Defective eyesight.
Muscular weakness.
Lack of required skill.
Intoxication (alcohol, drugs).
Lack of required knowledge 35 35

35. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Behavioristic Causes Improper attitude.
Lack of knowledge or skill.
Physical or mental impairment 36 36

36. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Types of Accidents Slip, Trip. Struck by.
Overexertion.
Struck against.
Fall on same level.
Fall to different level.
Caught in, on, or between.
Contact with - heat or cold.
Contact with - electric current.
Inhalation, absorption, ingestion, poisoning. 37 37

37. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Key Facts Accident type. Nature of injury.
Source of the injury.
Location of accident.
Hazardous condition.
Affected part of body. 38 38

38. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Assessing the Facts Nationality. Language.
Occupation.
Gender.
Department.
Name of supervisor.
Years employed.
Length of time on job.
Responsibility.
Age.
Type of accident.
Environmental cause.
Unsafe act.
Behavioristic cause.
Cost.
Time lost. 39 39

39. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Steps in Causal Analysis
1. Obtain the supervisor report of the accident.
2. Obtain the injured worker’s report (if possible).
3. Obtain reports from witnesses, if any.
4. Investigate the accident.
5. Record all the facts.
6. Assess the specifics of the accident.
7. Correlate the specifics with known trends.
8. Determine a course of action to take.
9. Assign responsibility for corrective action.
10. Follow-up as required. 40 40

40. ACCIDENT REPORTING WHAT SHOULD BE REPORTED:
All injuries or job-related illnesses.
Near-miss incidents.
Vehicular, structural or equipment damage.
Procedural deficiencies.
Potentially unsafe conditions.
Potentially unsafe behaviors. 41 41

41. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Purpose of the Investigation:
Determine principal causes.
Determine contributing causes.
Develop strategies for corrective action.
Establish a timetable for corrective action.
Assign responsibility for corrective actions. 42 42

42. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
Collecting the data:
JHA assessment forms.
Direct observation.
Video Tape.
Action photographs.
Documentary accounts.
Accident statistics.
Employee interviews.
Employee surveys. 43 43

43. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
TANGIBLE INDICATORS:
Accident Records
Production Records
Personnel Records
Employee Surveys
SAFETY
STATISTICS 44 44

44. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
TEAM COMPOSITION:
Supervisor.
Safety officer.
Maintenance.
Field experts (if needed).
Care provider (if needed).
Injured employee (if possible).
Who else can you think of that may be needed? 45 45

45. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
PRINCIPAL QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:
WHO?
WHAT?
WHY?
WHEN?
WHERE?
HOW? 46 46

46. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
WHO?
Who was injured?
Who was working with him/her?
Who else witnessed the accident?
Who else was involved in the accident?
Who is the employee's immediate supervisor?
Who rendered first aid or medical treatment? 47 47

47. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
WHAT?
What was the injured employee’s explanation?
What were they doing at the time of the accident?
What was the position at the time of the accident?
What is the exact nature of the injury?
What operation was being performed?
What materials were being used?
What safe-work procedures were provided? 48 48

48. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
WHAT?
What personal protective equipment was used?
What PPE was required?
What elements could have contributed?
What guards were available but not used?
What environmental conditions contributed?
What related safety procedures need revision?
What shift was the employee working?
What ergonomic factors were involved? 49 49

49. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
WHEN?
When did the accident occur?
When did the employee start his/her shift?
When did the employee begin employment?
When was job-specific training received?
When did the supervisor last visit the job? 50 50

50. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
WHY?
Why did the accident occur?
Why did the employee do what he/she did?
Why did co-workers do what they did?
Why did conditions come together at that moment?
Why was the employee in the specific position?
Why were the specific tool/equipment selected? 51 51

51. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
WHERE?
Where did the accident occur?
Where was the employee positioned?
Where were eyewitnesses positioned?
Where was the supervisor at the time?
Where was first aid initially given? 52 52

52. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
HOW?
How did the accident occur?
How many hours had the employee worked?
How did the employee get injured (specifically)?
How could the injury have been avoided?
How could witnesses have prevented it?
How could witnesses have better helped?
HOW COULD THE COMPANY HAVE PREVENTED IT? 53 53

53. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
WHAT'S NEXT?
Instruct employee in proper behavior?
Warn employee of potential hazard?
Supply appropriate safeguard?
Supply appropriate PPE?
Eliminate the unsafe condition?
Repair or modify the unsafe condition?
Implement procedural changes? 54 54

54. CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION
Continued
INTERVIEWING WITNESSES:
Select a comfortable, private location.
Set the person at ease.
Explain that the situation, not them is the focus.
Solicit ideas to prevent future recurrence.
Consider diagrams or drawings.
Remain neutral in your demeanor.
Take notes or record the discussion.
Review the statements before terminating. 55 55

55. WRITING THE REPORT REPRESENTING THE DATA:
Condense into the company accident form.
Compile statistical data for representation.
Assign responsibility and prioritize.
Make recommendations for correction.
Recommend a timetable for correction.
Consider funding for corrective actions.
Forward copies to OSHA as required.
Distribute internally as required.
Follow-up at periodic intervals. 56 56

56. FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES
WRITING THE REPORT
Continued
FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES
TRAINING INITIATION OR ENHANCEMENT
ELIMINATE OR REDUCE EXPOSURE
ENGINEERING CONTROL MEASURES
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL MEASURES
APPLICATION OF SAFE WORK PRACTICES
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 57 57

57. FOLLOW-UP
THE GREATEST DEFICIENCY IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS LACK OF COMPETENT FOLLOW-UP! 58 58

58. (NUMBER OF NEW CASES X 200,000*) NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YEAR
INCIDENCE RATES
INCIDENCE RATE CALCULATION: Incidence rates can be calculated by counting the incidences and reporting the recordable injuries per 100 full time workers per year per facility.
(NUMBER OF NEW CASES X 200,000*)
NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YEAR
* 200,000 = Approximate annual work hours for 100 workers per facility.
* The same method can be applied to departments production lines, or
job types with each facility. 59 59

59. Accidents, Production Problems, Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework
JOB DESIGN
GOOD JOB DESIGN
REDUCES
Discomfort, Fatigue, Aches & Pains
Injuries & Illnesses, Work Restrictions
AVOIDS
Absenteeism, Turnover, Complaints,
Poor Performance, Poor Vigilance
ABATES
Accidents, Production Problems,
Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework 60 60

60. JOB DESIGN GOOD JOB DESIGN EMPLOYEE: PREVENTS EMPLOYER: PREVENTS
Continued
GOOD JOB DESIGN
EMPLOYEE:
PREVENTS
Economic Loss, Loss in Earning Power,
Loss in Quality of Life, Pain & Suffering
EMPLOYER:
PREVENTS
Economic Loss, Loss in Expertise,
Compensation Costs, Damaged Goods
& Equipment 61 61

61. TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS
REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA!
REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE
STARTING THE JOB!
DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD!
DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE!
DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES! 62 62

62. OF A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM
OSHA'S PERCEPTION
OF A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM
1. DETAILED WRITTEN REPORTS.
2. DETAILED WRITTEN PROCEDURES
3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS
4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING
5. DISCIPLINED PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
6. FOLLOW-UP 63 63

63. WORK AT WORKING SAFELY
Training is the key to success in managing safety in the work environment. Attitude is also a key factor in maintaining a safe workplace. Safety is, and always will be a team effort, safety starts with each individual employee and concludes with everyone leaving at the end of the day to rejoin their families.
Patricia A. Ice
Industrial Hygienist 64 64