1. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body

2. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Key Terms anabolismintracellular fluid anatomic positionmetabolism anatomynegative feedback catabolismorgan cellpathology diseasephysiology extracellular fluidsystem homeostasistissue

3. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body Anatomy Study of body structure –Dissection Physiology Study of body function Pathology Study of disease

4. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) Levels of Organization What do specialized groups of cells form?

5. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) Body Systems (Organized by Function) Protection, support, and movement –Integumentary –Skeletal –Muscular Coordination and control –Nervous –Endocrine

6. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) Body Systems (Organized by Function) (cont.) Circulation and immunity –Cardiovascular –Lymphatic Energy supply and fluid balance –Respiratory –Digestive –Urinary Production of offspring –Reproductive

7. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) Effects of Aging Gradual changes occur in all body systems. Some changes are harmless. –Wrinkles and gray hair Some changes may result in injury and disease. –Decreased kidney function –Loss of bone mass –Formation of deposits within blood vessels

8. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.)

9. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.1Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? A)The structure of the stomach B)The mechanism of protein digestion C)Stomach cancer D)Anabolic reactions

10. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.1Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? A)The structure of the stomach B)The mechanism of protein digestion C)Stomach cancer D)Anabolic reactions

11. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.2There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is A)Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B)Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism C)System, cell, organ, organism, tissue D)Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

12. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.2There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is A)Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B)Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism C)System, cell, organ, organism, tissue D)Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

13. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.3Which system is comprised of bones and joints? A)Skeletal system B)Nervous system C)Immune system D)Muscular system

14. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Studies of the Human Body (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.3Which system is comprised of bones and joints? A)Skeletal system B)Nervous system C)Immune system D)Muscular system

15. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.) Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of internal balance. Body fluid balance is especially important. –Extracellular fluid Blood plasma Lymph Fluid between cells –Intracellular fluid Fluid within cells

16. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.) Homeostasis (cont.) Negative feedback –Critical for maintaining our health –Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift

17. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-2 Negative feedback. How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal?

18. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-3 Negative feedback and body temperature. How does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature?

19. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-4 Negative feedback in the endocrine system.

20. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.) Types of Metabolism Catabolism –Reactions that break substances down –Used to form ATP Anabolism –Reactions that build substances up –Often require ATP

21. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-5 Metabolism. What type of metabolism does the digestive system do?

22. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.4A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) A)Anabolic reaction B)Catabolic reaction C)Homeostatic reaction D)Metabolic reaction

23. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.4A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) A)Anabolic reaction B)Catabolic reaction C)Homeostatic reaction D)Metabolic reaction

24. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.5Which example illustrates negative feedback? A)Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. B)Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. C)A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. D)A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

25. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.5Which example illustrates negative feedback? A)Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. B)Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. C)A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. D)A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

26. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) Directional Terms Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions. –Superior and inferior –Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) –Medial and lateral –Proximal and distal All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.

27. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-6 Directional terms. What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing? Body Directions (cont.)

28. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) Planes of Division Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction. –Frontal plane –Sagittal plane –Transverse plane

29. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-7 Planes of division. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts? Body Directions (cont.)

30. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) Planes of Division (cont.) Some additional terms, usually “sections,” are used to describe tissues and CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images. –Cross-section –Longitudinal section –Oblique section

31. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-8 Tissue sections. Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis? Body Directions (cont.)

32. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-9 Cross-sections in imaging. Body Directions (cont.)

33. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.6Which term means closer to the body’s midline? A)Distal B)Lateral C)Medial D)Transverse

34. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.6Which term means closer to the body’s midline? A)Distal B)Lateral C)Medial D)Transverse

35. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.7A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the A)Sagittal plane B)Proximal plane C)Frontal plane D)Midsagittal plane

36. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.7A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the A)Sagittal plane B)Proximal plane C)Frontal plane D)Midsagittal plane

37. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Cavities (cont.) The body is divided into two main cavities. Dorsal Cavity –Two main subdivisions Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral Cavity –Two main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

38. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view. Which cavity contains the diaphragm? Replace with Fig 1-10 Body Cavities (cont.)

39. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Cavities (cont.) Thoracic Cavity Further subdivided –Pericardial cavity –Pleural cavity –Mediastinum Which cavity contains the lung? Figure 1-11 The thoracic Cavity.

40. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Cavities (cont.) Abdominopelvic Cavity Further subdivided –Abdominal cavity –Pelvic cavity Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.

41. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Cavities (cont.) Divisions of the Abdomen The abdomen can be divided into nine regions. –Epigastric –Umbilical –Hypogastric –Hypochondriac (left and right) –Lumbar (left and right) –Iliac or inguinal (left and right)

42. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen. Which region contains the spleen?

43. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Cavities (cont.) Divisions of the Abdomen (cont.) The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants. –Right upper quadrant –Left upper quadrant –Right lower quadrant –Left lower quadrant In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt? Figure 1-13 Quadrants of the abdomen.

44. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions. Where would a pedal pulse be felt? Body Cavities (cont.)

45. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions. Where would cervical pain be felt? Body Cavities (cont.)

46. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Cavities (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.8Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? A)Gallbladder B)Liver C)Lung D)Small intestine

47. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Cavities (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.8Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? A)Gallbladder B)Liver C)Lung D)Small intestine

48. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions ? Pop Quiz 1.9Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? A)Epigastric region B)Hypogastric region C)Inguinal region D)Umbilical region

49. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.9Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? A)Epigastric region B)Hypogastric region C)Inguinal region D)Umbilical region

50. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.10Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? A)Crural B)Femoral C)Popliteal D)Sural

51. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.10Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? A)Crural B)Femoral C)Popliteal D)Sural

52. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.11The word part –stasis is best defined as A)Constant B)Downward C)Upward D)Variable

53. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Body Directions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.11The word part –stasis is best defined as A)Constant B)Downward C)Upward D)Variable

54. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Case Study Learning Objective 12.Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in a case study.

55. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Case Study: Chapter 1 Mike’s Case: Emergency Care and Possible System Failure Some anatomic and physiologic terms from the case study: –Hemorrhage –Hormone –Hypertensive –Hypotensive –Hypothermia –Intra-abdominal –Palpate –Tachycardia

56. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy Learning Objective 13.Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.

57. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)

58. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)