2. Integumentary System Sheet-like membranes of epithelium, connective tissue, and other organs

3. Types of membranes Serous - lines body cavities that don’t open to the outside –Parietal and visceral –secretes serous fluid. What’s the purpose of serous fluid? –Where would this be found? Peritoneum Pleura pericardium

4. Types of membranes Mucous - lines cavities/tubes that open to the outside –Stratified squamous or simple columnar –secretes mucus. Purpose? –Specific locations?

5. Types of membranes Synovial - lines joint cavities –secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joints –location? Cutaneous - skin

6. Skin One of the largest organs What are some functions (pg 111)? Consists of the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous) What is the difference between a subcutaneous (hypodermic) and a intradermal injection?

7. Epidermis Consists of stratified squamous. What can be said about the blood supply? New epidermis is created every 25-45 days Stratum basale –Receives the most noursihment –Cell division –~25% of cells are melanocytes

8. Epidermis Stratum Spinosum –Cell division, how would it compare to the basale? Stratum Granulosum –Abundance of granules (glycolipids and keratin) –What is the purpose of keratin? Glycolipid? –Loses nourishment –What does this result in? –keratinization - the cells fill with keratin protein –Keratinocytes

9. Epidermis Stratum lucidum –Areas with thick skin possess this layer. Where would this be? What areas would not possess this layer? Stratum corneum - 3/4 of thickness –Functions? –What can be said about the cells here? –Average person sheds ~40 lbs of skin in their lifetime

10. Skin Color specialized cells (melanocytes) produce the pigment melanin (mainly found in the basale layer) melanin ranges from yellow to reddish- brown –absorbs light radiation –Significance?

11. Skin Color Melanocytes possess extensions that transport melanin between epidermal cells Cells in stratum basale phagocytize melanin –Causes? UV radiation destroys the bodies folic acid reserves What other effects does UV radiation have? What layer would be impacted most?

12. Skin Color Most people possess the same number of melanocytes. What would cause the differences in skin color? Determined by genetics and environment How could blood affect skin color? Carotene can effect skin color. What are freckles?

13. Dermis binds the epidermis to underlying tissues Varies in thickness, depending on location contains of collagenous and elastic fibers. Significance?

14. Dermis Papillary layer - superficial dermal layer –Looseness of tissue allows cells to move around. Dermal papillae –House capillary loops, pain receptors, Meissner’s corpuscles –Palms and soles they are arranged in patterns –Significance?

15. Dermis Reticular layer - deepest skin layer –Contains: blood vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands, and Pacinian corpuscles –Phagocytes also found in this layer Collagen and Elastic Fibers –Found throughout dermis –Binds water to keep skin hydrated –Other roles? –What happens as you age?

16. Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermis) no distinct boundary between subcutaneous and dermis composed of loose connective and adipose –If it contains adipose tissue, what is a major function of the hypodermis? contains - major blood vessels

17. Hair Functions of hair? hair follicle - group of epidermal cells inside a dermal sheath Functions - nourished by dermal vessels Pg 118 Where do you think cell division happens? The hair shaft is completely keratinized. –How do you think the root differs?

18. Hair Arrector pili muscles attach to the hair follicle. What happens when they contract? Hair color –What causes dark vs blonde vs white hair? –Another pigment, trichosiderin, is found in red hair

19. Hair Hirsutism - excessive hairiness in women –Results from over production of hormones caused by an ovarian or adrenal gland tumor More testosterone production creates more terminal hair in women

21. Sebaceous Gland Typically associated with a hair follicle secrete sebum, oily mixture, into hair follicles Purpose of sebum? These become more active during what period of life?

22. Sweat glands Consists of a tiny tube originating from a ball-shaped coil in the deeper dermis eccrine glands - most numerous –function to cool the body Sweat consists of water, salts, urea, uric acid, lactic acid Sweat is acidic –Significance?

23. Sweat Glands appocrine glands - found in genital and axillary regions –Secretions are odorless, what causes the odor? –When do these become active? –Possible equivalent to sexual sweat glands in other animals Other modified sweat glands are mammary glands and ceruminous glands (ear)

24. Nails Protective coverings What can be said about the keratinization of epithelial cells in the skin vs. hair vs. nails? Cell division happens in the nail matrix The lunula is the most active growing region Cells then slide up to the nail bed Why do nails have a pinkish color?

26. Skin disorders Jaundice Bed sores Acne Whiteheads Blackheads Seborrhea Blister Rosacea Shingles Striae Warts Seborrheic keratoses Ringworm Cyanosis Athlete’s foot Boils Cold sores Contact dermatitis Impetigo Psoriasis Alopecia Cysts Lipoma Eczma Vitiligo

27. Skin Cancer Carcinomas - originating in epithelial cells What layer? Basal Cell Carcinoma –slow growing –typically removed by surgery –caused by prolonged sun exposure –~80% of skin cancers

28. Skin Cancer melanomas - originating in melanocytes –Associated with preexisting moles –can arise from normal skin or a mole –survival rate is high if removed in horizontal phase

29. Melanomas ABCD Asymmetry Border Color (several colors) Diameter (larger than a pencil eraser

30. Healing Wounds Blood vessels break, which causes? What part of blood will trigger these events? Cascade of events creates a protein mesh How will this help to stop bleeding?

31. Healing wounds What happens to the area around a wound? Inflammation –What cells will trigger this response? –Vessels dilate and become more permeable (plasma and leukocytes) –Benefits of leukocytes? –Release growth factors

32. Healing Wounds Proliferation –Fibroblasts migrate to injured region –What type of tissues do they form? What are the benefits of this tissue? –Other cells are responsible for reconstructing blood vessels, nerves, epidermis

33. Healing Wounds Maturation –Could take up to a couple years –The major goal is to increase strength of the dermis –What cell would be a primary player?