1. Animal Tissues What are tissues? Groups of cells with common structure and function. 1.Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues 2.Connective TissueConnective Tissue 3.Nervous TissueNervous Tissue 4.Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

2. Organs Different tissues organize into organs Stomach has 4 tissue layers: –Epithelium lines lumen and secretes digesitve juices –Connective tissue lies outside this epthelium –Smooth muscle lies next –Connective tissue on outermost layer Mesenteries are connective tissues that hold organs in place

3. Body Cavities What are the two body cavities found in mammals? Thoracic cavity – houses the lungs and heart Abdominal cavity – lower cavity separated by diaphragm Organ systems……

4. Digestive Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines, pancreas, anus Processes Food Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood Distribution of materials Respiratory Lungs, trachea Gas exchange Immune, Lymphatic Bone marrow, lymph, thymus spleen, white blood cells Body defense Excretory Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Removal of metabolic waste, water balance Endocrine Pituitary, thyroid, panceras etc Coordination of body activities Reproductive Ovaries, testes and associated organs reproduction Nervous Brain. Spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs Response to stimuli Integumentary Skin, hair, claws, etc Protection against desiccation, and infection Skeletal Skeleton, bones, tendons Body support Muscular Sleletal muscles movement

5. Bioenergetics Food contains the energy that keeps animals alive.Food contains the energy that keeps animals alive. –What do our bodies do with food?

6. Metabolic Rate Metabolic rate = total energy an animal uses per unit time BMR = basal metabolic rate of resting endothermic animal –Human adult males: 1600-1800 kcal/day –Human adult females: 1300-1500 kcal/day SMR= standard metabolic rate of ectotherm at a specific temperature

7. Bioenergetics Metabolic rate = total energy an animal uses per unit time Endothermic animals are warmed by metabolism, must work to keep body temp. constant –Birds, mammals –High energy expenditure –Capable of intense, long duration activity over wide range of temps. Ectothermic animals warm themselves by absorbing heat from their environment –Fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates –Lower energy expenditure –Not capable of endurance –When cold, cannot act quickly

10. Size and Metabolic Rate Amount of energy that it takes to maintain each gram of body weight is inversely related to body size –Ex. Each gram of mouse requires 20X as many calories as a gram of elephant Use proportionately more oxygen Has higher breathing rate, blood volume, heart rate, and eats proportionately more food WHY??

11. Greater SA:volume in small animals, causes greater loss of heat. (maybe) –Fails to explain the inverse relationship in ectotherms, which do not use energy to maintain body temp

12. Thermoregulation Countercurrent heat exchangers Nonshivering thermogenesis: hormones cause mitochondria to shift their metabolic production from ATP to heat –Can happen throughout the body, but brown fat areas (in neck and between shoulders) specialize in this Torpor and hibernation

13. Body Plans Single celled organisms have entire surface area in contact with environmentSingle celled organisms have entire surface area in contact with environment Simple multicellular organisms keep flat body plan with thin cellsSimple multicellular organisms keep flat body plan with thin cells Larger more complex animals fold their internal surfaces to keep exchange with environment.Larger more complex animals fold their internal surfaces to keep exchange with environment.

14. Homeostasis Interstitial fluid = internal fluid found between body cells Homeostasis = maintaining a steady stateHomeostasis = maintaining a steady state Feedback circuits help maintain homeostasisFeedback circuits help maintain homeostasis

15. Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities. Notice how structure fits function.

16. Made of collagen, non-elastic does not tear easily