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The Kingdom ANIMALS Eukaryotic cells Multicellular Heterotrophic by ingestion
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Classification Tools for Animals 1. Body Symmetry 2. Level of Body Organization 3. Body Cavities:Presence of a Coelom 4. Embryological Development: Protostome vs Deterostome 5. Segmentation / Cephalization 6. Presence of a Notochord 7. Presence of a Vertebral Column
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1. Body Symmetry A. Asymmetry B. Radial Symmetry C. Bilateral Symmetry D. (Pentaradial symmetry – Echninoderms)
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Example: Porifera Sea Sponges and Corals a. Asymmetry –No symmetry at all!
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Porifera
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Radial Symmetry Example: Cnidaria
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Cnidaria and Radial Symmetry Cnidaria actually go through a developmental stage of bilateral symmetry before they develop their radial symmetry as an adult.
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Sea Anemone
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Crown Jellyfish
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Soft Coral Polyps
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Bilateral Symmetry – Candy striped Annelid
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Blue Spotted Sting Ray
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Marine Flatworm
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African Elephants
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2. Levels of Organization A. Cellular – no true tissues B. Tissues C. Organ
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a. Cellular Level of Organization Porifera are really just an assemblage of different specialized cells. They have no tissues or organs
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b. Tissue Level of Organization Cnidaria have two tissue layers surrounding it’s sac body plan. They do not have any organs or organ systems
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c. Organ Level of Organization Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are the first animals on the phylogenetic tree that have simple organs. They have very primitive “brains” in their “heads”- called cephalization
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Platyhelminthes ( flatworms)- have simple organs and exhibit simple cephalization
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Organ System Level of Organization As we move up the evolutionary tree, organ systems become increasingly more complicated
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Body Cavities A. Sac body plan B. tube-within-a-tube body plan - Acoelomates - Pseudocoelomates - Coelomates
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a. Sac Body Plan – only one opening for food to enter and wastes to exit Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
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b. Tube-Within-A-Tube Body Plan Implies that there is an entrance (mouth) for nutrients and an exit (anus) for wastes Most primitive animal with this plan: Nematodes
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Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates
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Acoelomates: Animals without a Coelom There is no internal body cavity aside from the digestive cavity
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Pseudocoelomates: Animals with an internal body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm
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Coelomates: Animals with a true Coelom A true coelom is an internal body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm
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4. Embryo Development: Protostome vs. Deuterostome
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5. Segmentation – Annelids, Arthropods and Chordates Repetition of body parts along the length of the body Leads to specialization of parts because various segments can become differentiated for specific purposes
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Segmentation - easily seen in the Arthropods
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6. Presence of a Notochord A notochord is a supporting rod that runs down the dorsal surface, just below the nerve cord. Animals that have a notochord are called chordates.
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Vertebrate vs Invertebrate.
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External Fertilization vs Internal Fertilization
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a. Invertebrate Chordates: Tunicates most animals that have notochords also have vertebrate. However, there are 2 groups that do not. Those animals that do not have vertebrate are called the INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES
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a. Invertebrate Chordates: Lancelets
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Vertebrates – Chordates with a backbone
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