1. Peyman Dodangeh Sharif University of Technology Fall 2013

2. Agenda Error handling mechanisms Exception handling framework Benefits of exception handling framework Exception handling in Java Sharif University of Technology2

3. Watch This Method public static Integer getYear(String day){ String yearString = day.substring(0,4); int year = Integer.parseInt(yearString); return year; } public static void main(String[] args) { String day = "2013/11/30"; Integer year = getYear(day); System.out.println(year); } Sharif University of Technology3

4. Exceptions What is wrong with it? What if day parameter is not a day representation? day = “salam!” What if day parameter is malformed? Day = “30 Nov 2013” What if day parameter is empty? String s = ""; What if day parameter is null? These occasions are called Exception Sharif University of Technology4

5. Handling Exceptions What to do with exceptions? Exit the program Printing the error on console Returning a special value e.g. -1 Sharif University of Technology5

6. Important Note Sometimes the method can’t handle the exception effectively What should a method do when an exception occurs? Exit the program? Suppose you are in a desktop application Excel, Word, a game, … Print on console? edu site A game Sharif University of Technology6

7. Returning a Special Value We can return a special value to report an exception E.g. return null; return -1; return 0; return “”; Why not? Sharif University of Technology7

8. Why not? There is no special value There are many exceptions Ambiguity Need for documentation Combination of program code and exception code Sharif University of Technology8

9. There is no special value public static int minimum(int[] nums ){ int m = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for (int i : nums) { m = Math.min(m, i); } return m; } int[] array = {1,2,-1}; int minimumFound = minimum(array); Sharif University of Technology9

10. Exception Handling Exception Handling is a framework for handling exceptions ;-) It simplifies code Separates business code and exception code Sharif University of Technology10

11. What is an Exception? Exceptional event Error that occurs during runtime Cause normal program flow to be disrupted Examples ? Divide by zero errors Accessing the elements of an array beyond its range Invalid input Hard disk crash Opening a non-existent file Heap memory exhausted Sharif University of Technology11

12. Default Exception Handling Provided by Java runtime Prints out exception description Prints the stack trace Hierarchy of methods where the exception occurred Causes the program to terminate Sharif University of Technology12

13. Example 17class DivByZero { 18public static void main(String a[]) { 19System.out.println(3/0); 20} 21} Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero at exception.Test2.main(Test2.java:19) Note: Exception is a runtime concept This code has no syntax error (No compile-time error) Sharif University of Technology13

14. What Happens When an Exception Occurs? When an exception occurs within a method The method creates an exception object And hands it off to the runtime system This job is called “throwing an exception” Exception object contains information about the error its type the state of the program when the error occurred Exception line of code Sharif University of Technology14

15. What Happens When an Exception Occurs (2)? The runtime system searches the call stack for a method that contains an exception handler When an appropriate handler is found The runtime system passes the exception to the handler The exception handler catches the exception What if the runtime system can not find an exception handler? Uses the default exception handler Sharif University of Technology15

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18. Exception Handling in Java public static Integer getYear(String day) { String yearString = day.substring(0, 4); int year = Integer.parseInt(yearString); return year; } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a well-formed date: "); String date = scanner.next(); Integer year = getYear(date); System.out.println(year); } Sharif University of Technology18

19. getYear() public static Integer getYear(String day) throws Exception { if (day == null) throw new Exception("null value"); if (day.length() == 0) throw new Exception("empty value"); if (!matchesDateFormat(day)) throw new Exception("malformed value"); String yearString = day.substring(0, 4); int year = Integer.parseInt(yearString); return year; } private static boolean matchesDateFormat(String input) { return input.matches("\\d\\d\\d\\d/\\d\\d/\\d\\d"); } Sharif University of Technology19

20. main() public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); boolean ok = false; while (ok == false) { System.out.print("Enter a well-formed date: "); String date = scanner.next(); try { Integer year = getYear(date); System.out.println(year); ok = true; } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } Sharif University of Technology20

21. Exception Handling Keywords throw throws a new exception throws Declares exception throw If a method may throw an exception, it should declare it try Start a block with exception handling catch Catch the exception Sharif University of Technology21

22. Benefits of Exception Handling Framework Separating Error-Handling code from “regular” business logic code Propagating errors up the call stack Grouping and differentiating error types Sharif University of Technology22

23. Example Sharif University of Technology23

24. Separating Error-Handling Code Consider pseudocode method It reads an entire file into memory readFile { open the file; determine its size; allocate that much memory; read the file into memory; close the file; } Sharif University of Technology24

25. Traditional Programming Sharif University of Technology25

26. With Exception Handling Framework Sharif University of Technology26

27. Note You should still write code for detecting, reporting and handling exceptions Exception handling framework is not responsible for these jobs! It only helps you organize the work more effectively Sharif University of Technology27

28. Propagating Errors Up the Call Stack Traditional approach Each method should explicitly forward the exception Use a special return code Using return type for reporting exceptions Smells bad! New approach Automatic Beautiful! Sharif University of Technology28

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30. Grouping and Differentiating Error Types All exceptions thrown within a program are objects The grouping or categorizing of exceptions is a natural outcome of the class hierarchy Sharif University of Technology30

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32. Example class MultipleCatch { public static void main(String args[]) { try { int den = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); System.out.println(3/den); } catch (ArithmeticException exc) { System.out.println(“Divisor was 0.”); } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException exc2) { System.out.println(“Missing argument.”); } System.out.println(“After exception.”); } Sharif University of Technology32

33. Nested Tries class NestedTryDemo { public static void main(String args[]){ try { int a = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); try { int b = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); System.out.println(a/b); } catch (ArithmeticException e) { System.out.println(“Div by zero error!"); } } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException) { System.out.println(“Need 2 parameters!"); } Sharif University of Technology33

34. Bad Use of Exceptions Don’t Use Exception instead of If-else Use exceptions for exceptions! Sharif University of Technology34

35. Writing Your Own Exceptions Your class should extend Exception class Exception subclasses could be thrown and caught Steps to follow Create a class that extends Exception class Customize the class Members and constructors may be added to the class Exception classes are usually simple classes With no (or few) methods and properties Sharif University of Technology35

36. Example class HateStringExp extends Exception { /* some code */ } String input = "invalid input"; try { if (input.equals("invalid input")) { throw new HateStringExp(); } System.out.println("Accept string."); } catch (HateStringExp e) { System.out.println("Hate string!”); } Sharif University of Technology36

37. getYear(), revisited public static Integer getYear(String day) throws Exception { if (day == null) throw new NullPointerException (); if (day.length() == 0) throw new EmptyValueException (); if (!matchesDateFormat(day)) throw new MalformedValueException (); String yearString = day.substring(0, 4); int year = Integer.parseInt(yearString); return year; } private static boolean matchesDateFormat(String input) { return input.matches("\\d\\d\\d\\d/\\d\\d/\\d\\d"); } Sharif University of Technology37

38. Finally try { //.. } catch (ExceptionType e) { //… }... } finally { } Contains the code for cleaning up after a try or a catch Sharif University of Technology38

39. Finally (2) Block of code is always executed Despite of different scenarios: Normal completion Forced exit occurs using a return, a continue or a break statement Caught exception thrown Exception was thrown and caught in the method Uncaught exception thrown Exception thrown was not specified in any catch block in the method Sharif University of Technology39

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41. public static int myMethod(int n) { try { switch (n) { case 1: System.out.println("One"); return 1; case 2: System.out.println("Two"); throwMyException(); case 3: System.out.println("Three"); } return 4; } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("catch"); return 5; } finally { System.out.println("finally"); return 6; } Sharif University of Technology41 class MyException extends Exception {} private static void throwMyException() throws MyException { throw new MyException(); } int a = myMethod(1); System.out.println("myMethod(1)=" + a); a = myMethod(2); System.out.println("myMethod(2)=" + a); a = myMethod(3); System.out.println("myMethod(3)=" + a); Quiz!

42. Result: One finally myMethod(1)=6 Two catch finally myMethod(2)=6 Three finally myMethod(3)=6 Sharif University of Technology42

43. Unchecked Exceptions private static void function(String[] args) { int den = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); System.out.println(3 / den); } public static void main(String[] args) { function(args); } The method function() may throw exceptions But it has not declared it with throws keyword Why? Because some exceptions are unchecked such as ArithmeticException and ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Sharif University of Technology43

44. Checked and Unchecked Exceptions Checked exception Java compiler checks the program should catch or list the occurring exception If not, compiler error will occur Unchecked exceptions Not subject to compile-time checking for exception handling Built-in unchecked exception classes Error RuntimeException Their subclasses Unchecked exceptions only relax compiler The runtime behavior is the same Sharif University of Technology44

45. Exception Class Hierarchy Sharif University of Technology45

46. Exception Classes and Hierarchy Multiple catches should be ordered from subclass to superclass Or else, Compile error: Unreachable catch block… class MultipleCatchError { public static void main(String args[]){ try { int a = Integer.parseInt(args [0]); int b = Integer.parseInt(args [1]); System.out.println(a/b); } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { //.. } catch (Exception ex) { //.. } Sharif University of Technology46

47. Exceptions & Inheritance Suppose method f() overrides parent’s method f() in child class can not throw more exceptions than those of f() in Parent class Less or equal exceptions in throws declaration These mistakes bring compiler error Why? Polymorphic method invocations may cause failure in catching some exceptions Sharif University of Technology47

48. Example (1) class Parent{ void f(){} } class Child extends Parent{ void f()throws Exception{} } Result? Compiler Error Sharif University of Technology48

49. Example (2) class Parent{ void f()throws ArithmeticException{} } class Child extends Parent{ void f()throws ArithmeticException, IOException{} } Result? Compiler Error Sharif University of Technology49

50. Example (3) class Parent{ void f()throws ArithmeticException{} } class Child extends Parent{ void f()throws Exception{} } Result? Compiler Error Sharif University of Technology50

51. Example (4) class Parent{ void f()throws Exception{} } class Child extends Parent{ void f()throws ArithmeticException{} } Result? No Error Sharif University of Technology51

52. Conclusion f() in child class can not throw more exceptions Less or equal exceptions in throws declaration f() in child class can not throw more general exceptions f() in child class can throw more specific exceptions Reason: Prevent uncaught exceptions in polymorphic invocations Sharif University of Technology52

53. Further Reading Throwable and Error classes Sharif University of Technology53

54. References http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions /index.html Sharif University of Technology54

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