1. Chapter 18 Fossil Fuels and the Environment

2. Fossil Fuels Forms of stored solar energy created from incomplete biological decomposition of dead organic matter Crude Oil Natural Gas Coal

3. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Crude Oil –Naturally occurring petroleum, normally pumped from wells in oil fields. –Refinement of crude oil produces most of the petroleum products we use today (gasoline, diesel, plastics…) Natural Gas –Naturally occurring gaseous hydrocarbon generally produced in association with crude oil –An important efficient and clean burning fuel commonly used in homes and industry

4. Oil/Natural Gas Formation Oil formation video

5. Worldwide Energy Consumption by Source

6. Oil in the 21 st Century The U.S has an energy problem caused by dependence of fossil fuels, especially oil Maximum global production is expected between 2020 and 2050 The challenge is to plan for the decline in oil supply and shift to alternative energy sources

7. Proven oil reserves (2004)—billions of barrels

8. Per person consumption of oil

9. Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas Recovery: damage to fragile ecosystems, water and air pollution, and waste disposal Refining: soil, water and air pollution Delivery and Use: energy to power automobiles, produce electricity, etc.

10. Coal Solid, brittle, carbonaceous rock that is one of the world’s most abundant fossil fuels. Classified according to energy content as well as carbon and sulfur content: Plants  Peat  Lignite  Bituminous coal  Anthracite During process, carbon compounds in plant material break down and start losing other elements (O, H, N, etc.) Carbon becomes more concentrated in the coal, so it has more energy per unit weight Mostly used for generating electricity

11. World Coal Reserves (billions of tons) Coal formation

13. Coal Mining and the Environment Strip Mining –A surface mining process in which the overlying layer of soil and rock is stripped off to reach the coal

14. Underground Mining –Associated with environmental problems including acid mine drainage, land subsidence and coal fires Mountaintop removal –Top of mountain blasted away with dynamite to get to coal –Debris is then placed in river and creek valleys nearby –Very destructive!

15. Transport of Coal The Future of Coal –Scrubbing: removes sulfur dioxides from emissions –Washing: removes impurities from coal itself Allowance Trading –Reduces pollution –EPA grants utility companies tradable allowances for polluting

16. Oil Shale and Tar Sands Oil Shale –A fine-grained sedimentary rock –The oil is a synfuel Tar Sands –Sedimentary rocks or sands impregnated with tar oil, asphalt or bitumen