1. Laurie Munoz Milwee Middle School

2. ALASKAN PIPELINE  TAPS (Trans-Alaska Pipeline System)  800 miles of pipeline  Prudhoe Bay to Valdez  Conveys oil

3. BARRELS  Transports petroleum products  1977 – the year the first barrel of oil traveled through TAPS  Leaks – sabotage, maintenance failures and gunshot holes  15 million barrels transported in 2013

4. CANADA  Hardisty, Alberta – main terminal for Canada  TransCanada – owns the Keystone Pipeline  Phase 1 – 4 – based out of Canada  Crude Oil

5. DESIGN  Pipelines are designed to be environmentally friendly  Begins with drafting (a method of diagramming)  Contracted to engineering firms  Submitted for approval

6. ELEVATED  Raised above ground  Environmental protection  TAPS  Keystone  Steel beam supports

7. FRACKING Method to obtain petroleum, natural gas, or brine Fractures (breaks) deep rock formations Uses water – hydrofracking

8. GATHERING LINES  Moves natural gas  Small diameter pipelines  Begin at the wellhead  Join other gathering lines to become bigger pipelines

9. HARDISTY TERMINAL  Alberta, Canada  Beginning of the Keystone Pipelines  Phases 1-4  Crude oil

10. INTERNATIONAL Pipelines exist throughout the world  Africa  Asia  Australia  Middle East  Russia  Europe  North America  Central America

11. JOBS  Alaskan Pipeline – 6000 jobs in Alaska alone  Keystone – 9000 jobs  Engineers - design  Delivery Driver -  Welders –  Capacity Analysis – how much can be transported

12. KEYSTONE  Four phases of construction  Transports crude oil from Canada  Connects to – Nebraska, Montana, and Texas  Phases 1 – 2 – deliver 590,000 barrels of oil daily  Phase 3 – delivers 700,000 barrels of oil daily

13. LEGISLATION  Lawmaking  Oil Spill and Pipeline Safety  PHMSA – Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration  Enacted to protect the environment and people

14. MANUFACTURER  Production of materials  75% of the Keystone XL – manufactured in North America  Welded pipe  Steel

15. NATURAL GAS  Fuel  Transported by pipelines  Pressurized into liquids – NGL (Natural Gas Liquids)

16. OIL  Collected by gathering systems  Collected in onshore and offshore areas  Processed into gas and other energy products

17. PETROLEUM  Naturally occurring crude oil  Fossil fuel – usually zooplankton and algae  Found in sedimentary rock  Recovered through oil drilling

18. QUALITY  Quality Management Systems  System of checks and balances  Ensures Safety  Multi Step Process

19. REFINERY Crude oil is processed into useful products  Crayons  Plastics  Heating Oil  Jet Fuel

20. SHEARING  A variation in wind speed or velocity  Occurs over a short distance  Elevated pipelines are subjected to wind shearing  Damages the pipeline

21. TARSANDS  Also known as oil sands  Unconventional petroleum deposit  Mixture of sand, clay, water and bitumen  Bitumen – dense and viscous petroleum

22. ULTRAMAR  Canadian gas and fuel retailer  Operates in Canada  Founded in 1961  Produces 265,000 barrels of oil daily  Employed 3,600 people directly with the company, and 10,000 people indirectly

23. VELOCIY  Vector measurement of speed  Includes both speed and direction  Wind velocity is considered in elevated pipelines  Velocity of transport is critical for production

24. WELDERS  Joins pieces of metal together  Structural welders work on pipelines  Sporadic job – times of great demand and other times with little or no work  Work conditions can be difficult with both weather and location

25. XL  Remaining portion of the Keystone Pipeline  1,200 miles long  Alberta, Canada to the Gulf of Mexico  40% already built  Transport crude oil

26. YIELD  Refers to the amount of production  Oil Yield – amount of oil that can be derived from a oil well or other source  Also refers to net energy from oil production

27. ZIMBABWE  Mega fuel pipeline  Expected to transport 500 million liters of fuel per month  Connects Beira to Harare  Still under consideration