1. Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles
Chapter 16
Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

2. 16-1 What is a Vertebrates? Vertebrates
An animal that has a vertebral column (backbone)
Protects the spinal cord
Connects brain to nerves in body

3. 16-1 What is a Vertebrates? Vertebrates
Have endoskeletons (internal skeletons)
Gives shape to body
Supports body
Made of living tissue so it grows with the body

4. 16-1 What is a Vertebrates? Vertebrates Belong to the phylum Chordata
Some time during their lives they have 3 characteristics
Nerve Cord
Hollow tube near animals back
Notochord
Long flexible support rod that runs through part of animals body
Throat with gill slits
Allows oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out while in water

5. 16-1 What is a Vertebrates?

6. 16-1 What is a Vertebrate Vertebrates Coldblooded Warmblooded
Ectotherms
Rely on environments for heat
Fish, amphibians, reptiles
Warmblooded
Endotherms
Maintain their body temperature
Birds and mammals

7. 16-2 Fish
First Fish
First appeared about 540 million years ago in fossil record
No jaws
Body covered by bony plates
First animals to have vertebral column

8. 16-2 Fish
Fish
Water dwelling vertebrates that are characterized by scales, fins, and throats with gill slits (all fish)
Not all fish have these characteristics
Sturgeon have no scales

9. 16-2 Fish Fish Most fish have fins Vary in structure and function
Can have paired fins or single fins
Can be used to stay upright or steer
Large tail fin moves side to side to move

10. 16-2 Fish Fish Eat just about anything
Have a closed circulatory system
Excretory system gives off ammonia
Have well developed nervous system
Eyes
Good sense of smell and taste

11. 16-2 Fish Fish Most species males and females are separate individuals
Males produce sperm, females produce eggs
Some species are born male and develop into females
Most have external fertilization

12. 16-2 Fish Jawless Fishes Most primitive Lack scales and fins also
Skeletons are made of cartilage
Eellike bodies

13. 16-2 Fish Lampreys Only species of jawless fish alive
Suction-cup mouth with teeth
Attaches to animals and scrapes away skin
Eats body fluids

14. 16-2 Fish Hagfishes Considered most primitive vertebrate today
Wormlike body with 4-6 short tentacles extended from its mouth
Feeds on dead or dying fish

15. 16-2 Fish Cartilaginous Fish
Sharks, rays, skates, sawfish, and chimaeras
Skeletons made of cartilage

16. 16-2 Fish Sharks Top predator of the oceans Have up to 3000 teeth
In rows
First 2 rows are for feeding rest are for replacement

17. 16-2 Fish Skates and Rays Flat bodies 2 large broad fins
Most live on ocean bottom
Some have poison spines on tail

18. 16-2 Fish Bony Fish Skeleton is made of hard bones
Bones are small
Most Travel in groups
Schools

19. 16-2 Fish Bony Fish Most have paired fins Fins are supported by rays
Ray finned fish
Lobe finned fish
Fins have fleshy base and leglike bones

20. 16-2 Fish Bony Fish Have a swim bladder Extremely adapted
Gas filled sac that let fish float in water
Extremely adapted
Electric Eel
Produces up to 650 volts
Remora
Attaches to sharks and cleans them

21. 16-2 Fish Bony Fish Adaptations Flounder
Babies hatch with an eye on both sides of its head
Adults have both eyes on one side of its head
Lays on bottom and can see
Can also change color

22. 16-2 Fish Bony Fish Adaptations Lantern Fish and Angler Fish
Live meters deep
Have light emitting organs to attract fish
Mudskippers
Can walk on land with their fins
Breath through its skin

23. 16-3 Amphibians Amphibians
Vertebrates that are fishlike and that breathe through gills when immature
Live on land and breathe through lungs and moist skin as adults
Skin contains many glands, lack scales and claws

24. 16-3 Amphibians Amphibians Appeared about 360 million years ago
Eggs lack had outer shells
If not placed in water they will dry out
Double loop closed circulatory system
HeartLungsHeartBodyHeart

25. 16-3 Amphibians Amphibians Well developed execratory system
Well developed nervous system
Large eyes
Large brain

26. 16-3 Amphibians Amphibians External fertilization Metamorphosis
Tadpole
Tail and head
Adult
Legs

27. 16-3 Amphibians Frogs and Toads Hibernation Body activity slows down
Frogs bury themselves beneath the mud during winter
Toads bury themselves below the frost line

28. 16-3 Amphibians Frogs and Toads Toads usually have poisons
Located behind the eye or on the back
Makes attackers sick or die

29. 16-3 Amphibians Salamanders and Newts Keep their tails for entire life
Not able to jump
Live in moist areas
For reproduction
To breathe

30. 16- 4 Reptiles
Reptiles
Vertebrates that have lungs, scaly skin, cold blooded, and a special type of egg
Snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs (extinct)

31. 16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles First appeared about 300 million years ago
Large, fat, short legged animals
Looked like cross between a lizard and a toad

32. 16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles Skin Tough, dry, thick layer of scales
Made out of substance that makes fingernails
Waterproof
Shed their skin

33. 16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles Double loop circulatory system
Nervous system like amphibians
Brain is better developed
Well developed respiratory system

34. 16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles Internal fertilization Eggs
Surrounded by protective shell
Prevents drying out
Flexible but tough (like leather)

35. 16- 4 Reptiles
Lizards
Typically have slender bodies, movable eyelids, long tails, four legs, and clawed toes
Range from 3 cm (geckos) to 4.5 m (monitors)

36. 16- 4 Reptiles Lizards Mostly eat insects Defense
Waits and strikes with mouth
Defense
Color change
Shed tail
Will grow back

37. 16- 4 Reptiles
Snakes
Lizards that have lost their limbs, eyelids, and ears
Move by wriggling long, thin, muscular bodies
Scales help to grip the ground
Good swimmers

38. 16- 4 Reptiles Snakes Feeding Eat small animals Able to detect heat
Can taste the air with tongue
Can dislocate their jaw
Some produce poisons
Injected by fangs

39. 16- 4 Reptiles

40. 16- 4 Reptiles

41. 16- 4 Reptiles Turtles Reptiles whose bodies are enclosed in a shell
Plates of bone covered by scales
Some are soft (leather back)
Some can hold up to 200 times their own weight

42. 16- 4 Reptiles Turtles Have beaks similar to birds Diet
Most eat plants
Some eat animals by lures

43. 16- 4 Reptiles

44. 16- 4 Reptiles

45. 16- 4 Reptiles

46. 16- 4 Reptiles Alligators and Crocodiles Large meat-eating reptiles
Insects, fish, birds, amphibians, large hoofed mammals
Long snouts, powerful tails, and thick armored skin
Build nests of mud and plants for eggs
Most species guard their nests

47. 16- 4 Reptiles Alligators Have broad rounded snouts
When mouth is closed only a few teeth are visible
Do not usually attack
Grow to a max of about 13 ft

48. 16- 4 Reptiles Crocodiles Have narrow pointed snouts
When mouth is closed all teeth show
Very aggressive
Can grow to nearly 20 ft

49. 16- 4 Reptiles
Freshwater Crocodile

50. 16- 4 Reptiles
Saltwater Crocodile

51. 16- 4 Reptiles
Saltwater Crocodile