1. Phylum Chordata Notochord in embyronic stage Dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Muscular, post anal tail

2. Tunicates: Urochordata most primal form of all vertebrates pharyngeal gill slits Dorsal nerve cord notochord separate mouth and anus.

10. Circulatory System Ventral Heart  Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries  Venules  Veins

11. Fish Heart Amphibian heart

12. Mammal Heart

14. What vertebrates do not have bones?

16. Agnatha Class Myxini Class Cephalaspidomorphi

17. Ostracoderms

18. Conodonts – Extinct Date back to 510 mya Cone shaped teeth like structures that were ossified Placoderm - Extinct jawed, armored fish Abundant during Devonian No teeth, but jaws had tusklike projections

19. Class Chondricthyes

20. Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii Class Actinistia Class Dipnoi

21. Amphibia “ dual life ” Carboniferous  “Age of Amphibians” 3 orders –Urodela – salamanders, mudpuppies, newts –Anura – frogs, toads –Apoda – caecilians Recent evidence places the lungfishes as ancestors 2 hypotheses describe possible evolutionary stragies –Pond to pond –Food on land Anatomy –Tongue  catch food –Larynx  calls –Vomerine vs maxillary teeth –Tympanic membrane –Nictating membrane –Skin  respiratory, mucous glands –3 chamber heart –Ectothermic  temp. drops  torpor –External fertilization

22. siren mudpuppy salamander

24. Class Reptilia Adaptations? Tough body coverings Claws on toes Well developed lungs Partial division of ventricle Ectothermic Internal fertilization Amniote egg Approx. extant 6,000 sp. Once there were 16 orders, today only 4 Most live in tropics U.S. has 275 sp.

26. Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia –Orders: Crocodilia Sphenodontia Squamata Testudines

27. Squamata Includes reptiles with tough epidermal scales Snakes and lizards 5,640 species 2 venomous lizards –Gila monster (S.W.desert) –Mexican Beaded lizard

28. Rhynchocephalia Ex. Tuatara (spiny crest) Only 2 extant endangered species left Inhabits 20 small islands off coast of New Zealand Grows up to 60 cm Hasn’t changed its form in 225 my “living fossil” All other close relatives died 60 my ago Has a 3 rd eye on top of head (absorbs U.V. radiation for Vit. D prod.), no penis, no visible ear openings Lifespan is about 35 years, very slow reproductive cycle http://www.kcc.org.nz/animals/tuatara.asp

29. Crocodilia Large reptiles with elongated skulls Includes alligators and crocodiles 4 chambered hearts Valve in back of mouth prevents water from entering air passageway Haven’t changed much in 248 my.; Survived the Mesozoic Extinction http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/crocs/clickable/

31. Origin and Evolution of Aves Archaeopteryx –The link between reptiles and birds

32. Characteristics of Birds Feathers

33. Characteristics of Birds Bones thin and hollow

34. Characteristics of Birds 4 chambered heart A Chicken's HeartA Human's Heart Bird Heart Human Heart

35. Characteristics of Birds Furculum –Fused collar bone aiding in flight –Keeled sternum

36. Digestive and Excretory Systems Crop and Gizzard

37. Respiratory System Highly efficient to meet demands of the high metabolic rate

38. Brain Large Good color vision Good hearing

40. Reproductive Systems Female has only one ovary Males –testes→sperm→vas deferens→cloaca

41. Viviparous

42. Mammary glands secrete milk

43. Highly developed brain

44. Monotremata Lays eggs

45. Marsupialia Pouched mammals

46. Insectivora Shrews No teeth; reduced eyes

47. Rodentia Front incisors continuously grow

48. Lagomorpha 2 rows of upper incisors that continually grow

49. Edentata No teeth insectivore

50. Chiroptera Flight echolocation

51. Cetacae Blowhole, toothed whales

52. Sirenia Manatees Aquatic herbivores

53. Order Carnivora Dogs, cats, raccoons, bears, otters Carnivores, long canine teeth

54. Order Pinnipedia Walruses, seal lions, seals Water dwelling carnivores

55. Artiodactyla Pigs, deer, cow, sheep Even toed (cloven hooves)

56. Order Perissodactyla Horse, zebra, rhino Odd toed

57. Order Proboscidea Elephants and wooly mammoths Boneless trunk

58. Order Primate Monkey, ape, humans, orangutans, chimps, baboons Omnivores Opposable thumbs