3. Indo-European Migrations: 4m- 2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

4. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

5. City-State Urban Rural

6. Leadership Lugal (king) Increased warfare over resources Military leaders rose to power Not hereditary (but usually passed to son) Power grew at expense of priesthood The gods’ earthly representative (intermediary)

7. Duties of King Upkeep of buildings / temples Maintain defenses Infrastructure Military leadership Justice

8. Economy Agricultural Gov’t did not control long distance trade Conquest gave access to resources Wool, cloth, barley vegetable oil Early metallurgy (tin) Semi-precious stones Merchant class emerges (palaces/temples) Barter system (mostly)

9. Society Urbanization  divisions Free landowners Royalty, high officials, warriors, priests, merchants, shopkeepers) Dependent farmers and artisans Slaves Mostly POW’s, debtors Hairstyles

10. Role of Women Bearing / raising children Own property Control dowry Trade No political role Textiles, breweries, prostitutes, bakers, fortunetellers Steadily declines Men take 2 nd wife (if no kids) Marriage alliances

11. Religion Polytheistic Anthropomorphic Nourishment from sacrifices Human emotions Nature Anu (sky); Enlil (air); Innana (sex / violence) Environment cruel therefore deities must be as well Environment affects beliefs in gods / afterlife!!!!!!!

12. Religions Priesthood (hereditary  powerful) Lived off rations / foods from sacrifices High Priest (took care of gods) High walled complexes Ziggurats Amulets (ie. miscarriages) Festivals

13. Sumer Collective name for Sumerian cities Wagon wheel Plow Potter wheel Cuneiform Ziggurats (temple w/shrine on top – wealth/stability- glorified gods- bridge b/w heavens and earth Genesis 10:10Genesis 10:10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech and Accad and Calneh in the land of Shinar (Sumer)... Genesis 11:2Genesis 11:2 And it came to pass as they journeyed from the east that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there...

14. Susa B/w Tigris and Zagros mts 4200 BCE

15. Uruk Warka, Iraq Ist independent city states 1000 acres 2 large complexes

16. Uruk: alabaster vases Registers Lower: natural world 9water, plants, barley) 2 nd rams/ewes 3 rd : nude men carry food baskets Top: Inanna stands in front of her shrine, accepting offerings for storehouse from priest-king Ritual marriage b/w king and deity Meant to ensure fertility

17. Urul Vase Uruk (Wakra, Iraq) C 3300-3000 BCE Alabaster Picture space organized into registers Condenses narrative Like comic strip Profile legs/heads ¾ torso

18. White Temple (Anu-sky god)

19. White Temple

20. Sumerians

22. Votive Figures Eshunna (Iraq) C 2900-2600 Limestone, alabaster, gypsum Images dedicated to the gods Images of donors Representation dedicated in the shrine Inscriptions detail accomplishments of donor Perpetual eye contact Traditional representation w/simplified faces and bodies Cylindrical bodies Hands clasped in respect Tallest 30” high Beards and hair styles of males pertain to social status (nobility or royalty)

23. Eshunna Votives

24. The Great Lyre with Bulls Head 2550-2400 BCE

25. Great Lyre with Bull’s Head Royal Tomb of Ur C 2550-2400 Wood w/gold, silver, lapis, bitumen, shell Head 14”, panel 13” Lapis lazuli imported from Afghanistan (long distance trade) Lifelike depiction of bull Panel shell inlaid in bitumen

26. Front Panel of Great Lyre Athletic, deceased, heroic feats Long hair, beard = semi divine Animal attendants bringing food for feast (hyena, lion) 3 animal musicians (donkey and lyre, bear w/frame, fox and sistrum-rattle) Scorpion man (land of demons) and journey of the dead attended by gazelle Imagery depicts funeral banquet in realm of dead Animals guardians of gateway

27. Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Anthropomorphic Gods

28. Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

29. Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

30. Cuneiform Writing

31. Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

32. Cylinder Seals Seals to identify docs and establish property ownership Rolled across soft clay 2’’ in height Made of hard stone Leader protecting people from enemies (both human and animal)

33. Cylinder Seals

34. Sumerian Cylinder Seals

35. Gilgamesh

36. Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

37. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, who was two-thirds god and one- third man. He built magnificent ziggurats, or temple towers, surrounded his city with high walls, and laid out its orchards and fields. He was physically beautiful, immensely strong, and very wise. Although Gilgamesh was godlike in body and mind, he began his kingship as a cruel despot. He lorded over his subjects, raping any woman who struck his fancy, whether she was the wife of one of his warriors or the daughter of a nobleman. He accomplished his building projects with forced labor, and his exhausted subjects groaned under his oppression. The gods heard his subjects’ pleas and decided to keep Gilgamesh in check by creating a wild man named Enkidu, who was as magnificent as Gilgamesh. Enkidu became Gilgamesh’s great friend, and Gilgamesh’s heart was shattered when Enkidu died of an illness inflicted by the gods. Gilgamesh then traveled to the edge of the world and learned about the days before the deluge and other secrets of the gods, and he recorded them on stone tablets.

38. Ziggurat at Ur  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”

39. The Royal Standard of Ur

40. Board Game From Ur

41. Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur

42. Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]

43. The Babylonian Empires

44. Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

45. Hammurabi, the Judge

46. Babylonian Math

47. Babylonian Numbers

48. Achievements Irrigation (canals, dams, dikes) Cuneiform Bronze metallurgy Clay bricks Potters wheel Horse drawn chariots Infantry 60 base # system Astronomy Calendar Hammurabi’s Code Roads Plows Sailboats Wheels Cylinder seals