2. AP Biology 2007-2008 Animal Reproduction & Development

3. AP Biology 2 The Male Reproductive System

4. AP Biology 3 Male Reproductive System Reproductive System  Penis is cylindrical organ hanging in front of scrotum  Three cylindrical columns of spongy, erectile tissue  Blood flow stiffens penis and increases its size  Seminal fluid contains  Sperm  Secretions from  Seminal vesicles-nutrients(fructose) and promote muscle contractions  Prostate gland-makes fluid basic and antibacterial  Bulbourethral gland-lubrication

5. AP Biology 4 Testis and Sperm Testes contain one to three coiled seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs

6. AP Biology 5 Hormonal Control of Testes Control production of testosterone Promotes spermatogenesis Hypothalamus has ultimate control of testicular sexual function by producing GnRH

7. AP Biology 6 Female Reproductive System

8. AP Biology 7 Ovarian Cycle Follicular Phase Anterior Pituitary secrets FSH which stimulates development of follicle Follicle produces estrogen which shuts off FSH but leads to surge in LH which causes ovulation Corpus luteum releases progesterone to maintain thick endometrium

9. AP Biology Oogenesis Meiosis 1 completed during egg maturation Meiosis 2 completed triggered by fertilization ovulation  Unequal meiotic divisions  unequal distribution of cytoplasm  1 egg  2 polar bodies What is the advantage of this development system? Put all your egg in one basket!

10. AP Biology Fertilization  fertilization  cleavage  gastrulation  neurulation  organogenesis

11. AP Biology Fertilization  Joining of sperm & egg  sperm head (nucleus) enters egg

12. AP Biology Cleavage  Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote  1st step to becoming multicellular  unequal divisions establishes body plan  different cells receive different portions of egg cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals

13. AP Biology Cleavage  zygote  morula  blastula  establishes future development zygote blastula morula gastrulation

14. AP Biology  Establish 3 cell layers  ectoderm  outer body tissues  skin, nails, teeth  nerves, eyes, lining of mouth  mesoderm  middle tissues  blood & lymph, bone & notochord, muscle  excretory & reproductive systems  endoderm  inner lining  digestive system  lining of respiratory, excretory & reproductive systems Gastrulation ectoderm mesoderm endoderm protostome vs. deuterostome gastrulation in primitive chordates

15. AP Biology Testing… All of the following correctly describe the fate of the embryonic layers of a vertebrate EXCEPT A.neural tube and epidermis develop from ectoderm B.linings of digestive organs and lungs develop from endoderm C.notochord and kidneys develop from endoderm D.skeletal muscles and heart develop from mesoderm E.reproductive organs and blood vessels develop from mesoderm

16. AP Biology Neurulation  Formation of notochord & neural tube  develop into nervous system Notochord Neural tube develops into vertebral column develops into CNS (brain & spinal cord)

17. AP Biology 16 Developmental Processes  Development requires:  Growth  Cellular Differentiation  Morphogenesis  Adult body cells are totipotent  Each contains all the instructions needed by any other specialized cell in the body Induction Maternal Determinants Hox Genes

18. AP Biology Organogenesis Umbilical blood vessels Chorion Amnion Yolk sac Allantois Fetal blood vessels Maternal blood vessels Bird embryo Mammalian embryo Placenta

19. AP Biology Placenta  Materials exchange across membranes

20. AP Biology Human fetal development 7 weeks4 weeks

21. AP Biology Human fetal development 10 weeks

22. AP Biology Human fetal development 12 weeks20 weeks

23. AP Biology Human fetal development  The fetus just spends much of the 2 nd & 3 rd trimesters just growing …and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid Week 20

24. AP Biology Human fetal development  24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester) fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix

25. AP Biology Human fetal development  30 weeks (7.5 months) umbilical cord

26. AP Biology Getting crowded in there!!  32 weeks (8 months) The fetus sleeps 90-95% of the day & sometimes experiences REM sleep, an indication of dreaming

27. AP Biology Birth positive feedback

28. AP Biology Intestine Placenta Umbilical cord Wall of uterus Vagina Cervix Birth (36 weeks) Bladder

29. AP Biology The end of the journey! And you think 9 months of AP Bio is hard !