1. HUMAN EVOLUTION

2. Key Vocabulary Anthropoids – subgroup of primates Hominin (Hominid) – Paleoanthropology – Bipedal Brachiate

3. What does it mean to be human? Bipedal Larger brain (capable of language and symbolic thought) Also: Reduced jawbones Shorter digestive tract

4. How determine Bipedalism? Study of skulls  position of foramen magnum

5. How determine Bipedalism? 1.Study of vertebral column: have arched rather than straight spines 2.Study of pelvic bones Note: Teeth and jaws - rounded rather than rectangular jaws

6. How determine symbolic thought? Artifacts  ex: tools, and …..….

7. Ideas to forget! Our biases include: Thinking that complex brain arose before bipedalism That “we’re it” with respect to humanity Facts: Bipedalism appeared first Several species of humans have existed; many co-existed (Note: Greek Mytholgy!)

8. More Ideas to forget! Common Misconceptions: Humans evolved from chimps Human evolution has been a linear process

9. The Human Family!

10. II. Our Heritage: Read about primate characteristics

11. a. New World monkeys – prehensile tails; nostrils on sides 3. Anthropoids – monkeys and apes b. Old world monkeys – lack a prehensile tail; nostrils point downward

12. c. Extant non-human groups of apes gibbon gorilla orangutan chimpanzee

13. III. Early Hominins A. Earliest known hominin (???) – 7 – 6 mya 1. Sahelanthropus tchandensis 2. Found in central africa in 2002

14. B. Advent of bipedalism What “triggered” bipedalism?

15. 2. Australopithecines (genus Australopithecus) Lived in Africa 4.2 - 1.5 mya ~ 3 feet (1m) tall Fully bipedal! Some finds……

16. a. Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy!) - 3.2 mya (1) Discovered by Donald Johanson in Ethiopia (1974) (2) 40% complete!

17. b. A. afarensis footprints found in Tanzania by Mary Leakey (1978)

18. 4. Another lineage of australopiths - robust australopiths (Genus Paranthropus)

19. Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) – site of the discovery of Paranthropus boisei by Richard Leakey

21. IV. Genus Homo – the human line A. Homo habilis (handy man) 2.4 – 1.6 mya 1. Had a large brain 2. Used stone tools

22. B. Homo ergaster – 1.9- 1.6 mya 1. Substantially larger brain than H. habilis 2. Sexual dimorphism was significantly reduced

23. C. Homo erectus (upright man) 1. Used stone tools, wore clothes, may have built fires 2. First hominins to migrate out of Africa – 1.8 mya

24. D. Neanderthals (Homo neaderthalensis) 1. Large thick-browed hominids 2.Lived in Europe, Middle East, and Asia - 200,000 – 30,000 years ago

25. E. Homo sapiens 1. Appeared in Africa at least 160,000 years ago 2. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes suggest that all living humans are descended from common Homo sapiens ancestors who lived in Africa 200,000 – 150,000 years ago

26. F. Homo floresiensis “The Hobbits”!! 1. Indonesian island of Flores (discovered 2004) 2. Probably co-existed with modern humans – 95,000 – 13,000 years ago

27. Trend: ↑ Brain Size Selected For! Adult cranial capacity (in cm 3 ) chimpanzees 300-500 australopithecines 390-545 early transitional humans 509-752 modern humans 900-1880

28. Uniquely Human Features? ?

29. V. Cultural Evolution 2. Culture – the accumulated knowledge, beliefs, arts, etc. that are transmitted over generations A. Unique human attributes 1. Language - is controlled by FOXP2 gene B. Three major stages in human cultural evolution (FYI: Enrichment!)

30. 1. Scavenging, hunting, gathering - 2,000,000 years ago

31. Hadzapi tribe - Tanzania

32. 2. Development of agriculture – 15,000 – 10,000 years ago With agriculture, came permanent settlements and the first cities. Why was agriculture a major factor contributing to the growth of cities?

33. 3. Industrial revolution – 18 th century How did the development of technology lead to an explosive growth of the human population?