1. Layer Architecture Layer architecture simplifies the network design. It is easy to debug network applications in a layered architecture network. The network management is easier due to the layered architecture. Network layers follow a set of rules, called protocol. The protocol defines the format of the data being exchanged, and the control and timing for the handshake between layers. OSI Model

2. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model International standard organization (ISO) established a committee in 1977 to develop an architecture for computer communication. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is the result of this effort. In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was approved as an international standard for communications architecture. Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two systems which conform to the reference model and associated standards. OSI Model

3. OSI Reference Model The OSI model is now considered the primary Architectural model for inter-computer communications. The OSI model describes how information or data makes its way from application programmes (such as spreadsheets) through a network medium (such as wire) to another application programme located on another network. The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information between computers over a network medium into SEVEN smaller and more manageable problems. This separation into smaller more manageable functions is known as layering. OSI Model

6. OSI & TCP/IP Models TCP/IP Model

9. Lower 4 Layers Data Called 4 Segments 3 Packets 2 Frame 1 Bits n Bytes

10. Application Layer Application layer interacts with application programs and is the highest level of OSI model. Application layer contains management functions to support distributed applications. Examples of application layer are applications such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc. OSI Model

11. APPLICATION LAYER

12. Presentation Layer Presentation layer defines the format in which the data is to be exchanged between the two communicating entities. Also handles data compression and data encryption (cryptography). OSI Model

13. Session Layer Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the dialogue between the two end systems. It defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications. This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on an end-user’s request. Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled by this layer. Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection. OSI Model

14. Transport Layer Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for the exchange of data between two processes in different computers. Ensures that the data units are delivered error free. Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence. Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units. Provides connectionless or connection oriented service. Provides for the connection management. Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel. OSI Model

15. Lower 4 Layers Data Called 4 Segments 3 Packets 2 Frame 1 Bits n Bytes

16. Transport Layer Functions

18. Network Layer Implements routing of frames (packets) through the network. Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from the source to the destination Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified. Handles congestion in the network. Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous networks (Internetworking). The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media. OSI Model

19. Network or Internet Layer

20. Data Link Layer Data link layer attempts to provide reliable communication over the physical layer interface. Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the received frames. Create and detect frame boundaries. Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgement and retransmission scheme. Implement flow control. Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast communication. Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication. OSI Model

21. Data Link Layer

22. Physical Layer Provides physical interface for transmission of information. Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to another on a physical communication medium. Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural - aspects for physical communication. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications. OSI Model

23. Physical Layer

25. Network Layer Devices