1. Advanced Higher Computing Computer Networking Topic 1: Network Protocols and Standards

2. Standards Standards are needed to guarantee interoperability of both hardware and software Standards can be established by agreement or imposed by a dominant manufacturer

3. Standards Organisations The International Standards Organisation (ISO) The Institute of Electronic Electrical Engineers (IEEE) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

4. Advantages and Disadvantages Standards guarantee interoperability Standards are public Standards can impede development Standards can make security harder

5. The OSI Network model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Layers are: Modular and Transparent

6. The Internet Architecture Model Application Transport Internet Network

7. Mapping TCP/IP to OSI ISO/OSI model Internet Architecture Model Protocols / Standards Application Layer Telnet, FTP, POP3, SMTP, DNS Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer TCP, UDP Network LayerInternet Layer IP, ICMP Data Link Network Layer SLIP, PPP, Ethernet, Token Ring (FDDI), ATM Physical Layer

8. TCP: A Connection Oriented protocol Responsible for: Initiating and terminating a connection between two hosts Providing a reliable delivery of data Flow control

9. IP: A Connectionless protocol Responsible for: Host to host addressing Packet forwarding Fragmentation and reassembly of packets if required Fault isolation and congestion control (ICMP)