1. Presentation 4: Principles of Object-Oriented Middleware

2. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 2 af 34 Outline Students are assumed to be knowledgeable about Computer Networks – including the OSI model and the TCP, UDP protocols. If not … please read ; ) Types of Middleware –Transaction-Oriented Middleware –Message-Oriented Middleware –Remote Procedure Calls Object-Oriented Middleware Developing with Object-Oriented Middleware

3. Computer Networks - an ultra short introduction

4. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 4 af 34 Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link ISO/OSI Reference Model Middleware Specific Middleware Specific

5. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 5 af 34 Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Transport Layer Level 4 of ISO/OSI reference model. Concerned with the transport of information through a network. Two facets in UNIX/Windows networks: –TCP and –UDP.

6. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 6 af 34 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Provides bi-directional stream of bytes between two distributed components. Reliable but slow protocol. Buffering at both sides de-couples computation speeds. Best at fairly unreliable Networks (as the Internet) Very pratical –As the WWW uses the TCP/IP protocol family –And most Networking Operating Systems as well

7. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 7 af 34 Application Presentation Session Transport Application Presentation Session Transport Input Stream Output Stream Requests Results ClientServer TCP for Request Implementation

8. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 8 af 34 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Enables a component to pass a message containing a sequence of bytes to another component. Other component is identified within message. Unreliable but very fast protocol. Restricted message length. Queuing at receiver Best at highly reliable networks (as a LAN)

9. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 9 af 34 Result Datagrams Application Presentation Session Transport Application Presentation Session Transport Request Datagrams ClientServer UDP for Request Implementation

10. Types of Middleware - and why to use …

11. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 11 af 34 Direct Use of Network Protocols implies Manual mapping of complex request parameters to byte streams – is complex & error prone Manual resolution of data heterogeneity –encoding differs on NT & UNIX (what is the format of an Integer?) Manual identification of components –References must be established manually (host add., port nr. etc.) Manual implementation of component activation No guarantees for type safety Manual synchronization of interaction between distributed components –Developers need to handle TCP/UDP output stream/responses No quality of service guarantees (transactions demand)

12. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 12 af 34 Middleware Layered between Application and OS/Network Makes distribution transparent Resolves heterogeneity of –Hardware –Operating Systems –Networks –Programming Languages Provides development and run-time environment for distributed systems.

13. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 13 af 34 Forms of Middleware Transaction-Oriented –Suited for Database Applications –IBM CICS –BEA Tuxedo –Encina Message-Oriented –Suited for Asynchronous (EDI,Batch) –IBM MQSeries –DEC Message Queue –NCR TopEnd –(SOAP) RPC Systems –Suited for Access transparency etc –ANSA –Sun ONC –OSF/DCE –(SOAP) Object-Oriented –OMG/CORBA –DCOM –Java/RMI –(SOAP) First look at RPCs to understand origin of object-oriented middleware

14. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 14 af 34 Remote Procedure Calls Enable procedure calls across host boundaries Call interfaces are defined using an Interface Definition Language (IDL) RPC compiler generates presentation and session layer implementation from IDL

15. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 15 af 34 IDL Example (Unix RPCs) const NL=64; struct Player { struct DoB {int day; int month; int year;} string name ; }; program PLAYERPROG { version PLAYERVERSION { void PRINT(Player)=0; int STORE(Player)=1; Player LOAD(int)=2; }= 0; } = 105040;

16. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 16 af 34 RPC Marshalling and Unmarshalling Marshalling: Disassemble data structures into transmittable form Unmarshalling: Reassemble the complex data structure char * marshal() { char * msg; msg=new char[4*(sizeof(int)+1) + strlen(name)+1]; sprintf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", dob.day,dob.month,dob.year, strlen(name),name); return(msg); }; void unmarshal(char * msg) { int name_len; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d ", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len); name = new char[name_len+1]; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len,name); }; char * marshal() { char * msg; msg=new char[4*(sizeof(int)+1) + strlen(name)+1]; sprintf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", dob.day,dob.month,dob.year, strlen(name),name); return(msg); }; void unmarshal(char * msg) { int name_len; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d ", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len); name = new char[name_len+1]; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len,name); };

17. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 17 af 34 Method Call vs. Object Request CalledCalled Stub CallerCalledCalledCaller Caller Transport Layer (e.g. TCP or UDP)

18. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 18 af 34 RPC Stubs Creating code for marshalling and unmarshalling is tedious and error-prone. Code can be generated fully automatically from interface definition. Code is embedded (hidden away – de-coupled) in stubs for client and server. Client stub represents server for client, Server stub represents client for server. Stubs achieve type safety. Stubs also perform synchronization.

19. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 19 af 34 Synchronization Goal: achieve similar synchronization to local method invocation Achieved by stubs: –Client stub sends request and waits until server finishes –Server stub waits for requests and calls server when request arrives

20. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 20 af 34 Type Safety How can we make sure that –servers are able to perform operations requested by clients? –actual parameters provided by clients match the expected parameters of the server? –results provided by the server match the expectations of client? Middleware acts as mediator between client and server to ensure type safety. Achieved by interface definition in an agreed language.

21. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 21 af 34 Interface Definition Facilitating Type Safety Server Client Request Reply Client & Server has a contract Client & Server has a contract

22. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 22 af 34 Session Layer Implements –identification of RPC servers –activation of RPC servers –dispatch of operations Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link

23. Object-Oriented Middleware

24. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 24 af 34 Interface Definition Language Every object-oriented middleware has an interface definition language (IDL) Beyond RPCs, object-oriented IDLs support object types as parameters, failure handling and inheritance Object-oriented middleware provide IDL compilers that create client and server stubs to implement session and presentation layer

25. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 25 af 34 IDL Example interface Player : Object { typedef struct _Date { short day; short month; short year; } Date; attribute string name; readonly attribute Date DoB; }; interface PlayerStore : Object { exception IDNotFound{}; short save (in Player p); Player load(in short id) raises(IDNotFound); void print(in Player p); };

26. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 26 af 34 Presentation Layer Implementation Ensuring compatible encoding across platforms In addition to RPC presentation layer implementation, object-oriented middleware needs to –define a transport representation for object references –deal with exceptions –need to marshal inherited attributes

27. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 27 af 34 Object References HostsProcessesObjects Session Layer Implementation - Mapping of Object references to hosts -Activation & deactivion of objects -Invoctation of requested operation -Synchronization of client & server (state) - Mapping of Object references to hosts -Activation & deactivion of objects -Invoctation of requested operation -Synchronization of client & server (state)

28. Developing with Object-Oriented Middleware

29. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 29 af 34 Interface Definition Design Server Stub Generation Client Stub Generation Server Coding Client Coding Server Registration Development Steps SOAP: WSDL Java2WSDL WSDL2JAVA AXIS SOAP

30. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 30 af 34 Facilitating Access Transparency Client stubs have the same operations as server objects –If implemented … Hence, clients can –make local call to client stub –or local call to server object without changing the call. Middleware can accelerate communication if objects are local by not using the stub –Some Middleware products does this implicitly

31. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 31 af 34 Facilitating Location Transparency Based on Object identity … and this is Object references Client requests operation from server object identified by object reference No information about physical location of server necessary How to obtain object references? –Need of a registry – an object adapter –Adminstrator uses Middleware tool for registrering COM uses Windows Registry Java RMI daemon CORBA object Adapter SOAP UDDI –RPC’s – daemon “portmap” Client contacts one portmap daemon or broadcasts –Middleware resolves this (in some cases) SOAP UDDI

32. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 32 af 34 Team.idl included in generates reads IDL-Compiler Teamcl.hh Teamcl.cc Teamsv.cc Teamsv.hh Stub Generation

33. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 33 af 34 C++ Compiler, Linker Server Client.cc Server.cc C++ Compiler, Linker Client Team.idl included in generates reads IDL-Compiler Teamcl.hh Teamcl.cc Teamsv.cc Teamsv.hh Client and Server Implementation

34. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 34 af 34 Key Points Middleware builds on the transport layer There are several forms of middleware Object-oriented middleware provide IDLs Object-oriented middleware implements session and presentation layer Presentation layer implementation in client/server stubs is derived from IDL Session layer is implemented in object adapters