1. A RCHETYPAL C RITICISM

2. The word archetype is from the Greek arkhetupon, first mold or model, in the meaning of being the initial version of something later multiplied. In literature and art an archetype is a character, a tradition, an event, a story or an image that recurs in different works, in different cultures and in different periods of time.

3. A RCHETYPES Archetypal criticism focuses on those patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. These patterns include persistent images, figures, and story patterns shared by people across diverse cultures. Archetypal critics are also interested in certain myths and rituals that recur in a wide variety of cultures.

4. W HAT IS AN A RCHETYPE ? An archetype is a pattern from which other, similar things can be developed. It is a kind of “original model.” For example, “the Flood” is an archetypal image that exists in myths across many cultures. The basic model is a huge flood covering the entire planet, initiating a kind of “clean slate.”

5. E XAMPLE OF A T RADITION A RCHETYPE In the Western tradition of Easter, Jesus (considered the son of god in that tradition) is sacrificed to save humankind. In the Eastern tradition of Mahashivarati, the god Shiva drank a lethal dose of poison that otherwise would have polluted the oceans of the world, thus saving humankind. Both of these traditions center around a celebration of life and a deliverance from death.

6. C ARL J UNG Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that these archetypes existed in the collective unconscious. He based this assertion in part on the fact that there are images, character types, settings and story patterns that existed across cultures. He suggested that this collective unconscious is not directly knowable and is a product of the shared experiences of our ancestors. This is why archetypal criticism is often discussed in psychological terms.

7. J UNGIAN C RITICISM : Jung theorized that all humans carry archetypes (universal images and patterns) in our individual and collective unconscious

8. P RIMORDIAL AND U NIVERSAL Jung believed that the collective unconscious and its contents are primordial. That is, we, as individuals, have these archetypal images ingrained in our understanding before we are born. Jung also believed that these archetypes are universal, which is why they can be found all over the world and throughout history.

9. A RCHETYPAL C RITICISM Archetypal criticism therefore seeks to identify and analyze the presence and variance of recognizable archetypes in works of literature. These archetypes are said to be identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature, as well as myths, dreams and even ritualized modes of social behavior.

10. J UNGIAN Q UEST : Assumes that the monomyth of the Quest or Journey underlies archetypal images Hero forced to leave comfortable surroundings and venture in an unfamiliar, new world filled with new challenges Meet wise old man who helps out with guidance and advice Barrier tests the fledgling hero (tends to separate familiar world from unfamiliar)

11. J UNGIAN C RITICISM : Familiar world Land of adventure Threshold Home Call guide Crossing Adventure Initiation Return Bestow wisdom

12. A RCHETYPES ON P ARADE There are a number of identifiable archetypes in literature, art and film spanning centuries. Some of the most easily recognizable archetypes in character, situation and symbol include the following:

13. A RCHETYPAL C HARACTERS Hero/Heroine Sidekick/Helper Villain Wise Sage Outcast Oracle Caring Mother/Earth Mother Mad Scientist Femme Fatale “Don Juan” Star-Crossed Lovers Witch/Shrew Underdog Stern Father Damsel in Distress

14. A RCHETYPAL S ITUATIONS The task/trial The journey The Quest The loss of innocence The initiation Apocalypse/end of the world Pursuit of revenge Descent into the underworld/heavenly ascent Searching for father Damsel in distress Banishment of the prince

15. A RCHETYPAL C RITICAL Q UESTIONS What images, symbols, figures, are present that are present in other literary works? What myths, dreams and even ritualized modes of social behavior are present?