1. Ch. 11
Personality

2. Personality:
An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations

3. 1. The Case of Jaylene Smith

4. 2. Psychodynamic Theories
A. Sigmund Freud
How personality is structured Id
Pleasure principle
Ego
Reality principle
Superego
Ego ideal
Libido
Sensual energy

6. Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Erotic feelings center on genitals
Latency Stage
Child appears to have no interest in the other sex
Genital Stage
Mature sexuality

7. B. Carl Jung Personal unconscious Collective unconscious
unconscious that is inherited and common to a species
Archetypes
Ideas/categories in the collective unconscious
Persona
Our public self

8. Anima
Female archetype expressed in male
Animus
Male archetype expressed by female
Extrovert
Focus on external world
Introvert
Focus on internal world
Rational individuals
Irrational individuals

9. Enduring Issues: Universal Human Archetypes
C. Alfred Adler
Compensation
Our efforts to overcome perceived weakness
Inferiority complex
Fixation on feelings of inferiority that paralyze us
D. Karen Horney
Neurotic trends
Irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems
Environmental and social factors important

10. Enduring Issues: Is Biology Destiny?
E. Erik Erikson
1. Trust versus mistrust
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
3. Initiative versus guilt
4. Industry versus inferiority
5. Identity versus role confusion
6. Intimacy versus isolation
7. Generativity versus stagnation
8. Ego integrity versus despair

11. F. A Psychodynamic View of Jaylene Smith
Jaylene had not resolved Electra complex
lead to insecurity, worthlessness
fixation at phallic stage
G. Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
Culture-bound ideas
Women subordinate in society
Unscientific (untestable)

12. 3. Humanistic Personality Theories
A. Carl Rogers
Actualizing tendency
Biological push toward fulfillment
Unconditional positive regard
Acceptance of another regardless of person’s behavior
B. A Humanistic View of Jaylene Smith
Discrepancy between self-concept and inborn capacities
When 13 couldn’t be herself
C. Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Can’t test scientifically

13. 4. Trait Theories A. Development of Trait Theory B. The Big Five
Traits currently thought to be central to describing personality
Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness/dependability
Emotional stability, intellect/openness
C. A Trait View of Jaylene Smith
Determined, intelligent, insecure, introvert, anxious
D. Evaluating Trait Theories - Can study
E.g. isn’t agreeable in all situations
E. Walter Mischel: How Consistent Are We?

14. 5. Cognitive-Social Learning Theories
A. Expectancies
What a person expects based on past
B. Locus of control and Self-Efficacy
Locus of control - rewards are external or internal
Self-Efficacy - expect that you will be successful
C. A Cognitive-Social Learning View of Jaylene Smith
She learned to be shy and was rewarded when she studied hard
D. Evaluating Cognitive-Social Learning Theories
“Theory has great potential”
Can be studied scientifically
Thinking and environment important

15. 6. Personality Assessment
A. The Personal Interview
B. Observation
C. Objective Tests
16 Factor Personality Factor Questionnaire
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
D. Projective Tests
Rorschach test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

16. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A projective test in which people express their inner feelings thought stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

17. Rorschach test: Uses a set of 10 inkblots to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots