1. Personality

2. What is Personality? sPeople differ from each other in meaningful ways sPeople seem to show some consistency in behavior Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

3.  Personality refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions  Personality is an interaction between biology and environment  Genetic studies suggest heritability of personality  Other studies suggest learned components of personality Personality

6. 1. Trait 2. Psychoanalytic 3. Humanistic 4. Socio-Cognitive Four Theories of Personality

7.  Two Factor Trait Theory of Personality The First Trait Theory UNSTABLE STABLE choleric melancholic phlegmaticsanguine INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Even-tempered Calm Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active

8.  Traits are relatively stable and consistent personal characteristics  Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits  Allport identified some 4,500 traits  Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits  Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality  Extraversion/introversion  Neuroticism  Psychotocism Personality Traits Allport

9. Overview of the Big “5”

10.  Psychoanalytic theory, as devised by Freud, attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces  Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects of our mental states  Freud argued that personality is made up of multiple structures, some of which are unconscious  Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us anxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms to protect against anxiety Psychoanalytic Theory

11. Freudian Theory sLevels of consciousness  Conscious  What we’re aware of  Preconscious  Memories etc. that can be recalled  Unconscious  Wishes, feelings, impulses that lies beyond awareness sStructures of Personality  Id  Operates according to the “pleasure principle”  Ego  Operates according to the “reality” principle  Superego  Contains values and ideals

12. sAnxiety occurs when:  Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control  The ego perceives danger from the environment sThe ego deals with the problem through:  coping strategies  defense mechanisms Freudian Theory

13.  Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious mental processes that protect the conscious person from developing anxiety  Sublimation: person channels energy from unacceptable impulses to create socially acceptable accomplishments  Denial: person refuses to recognize reality  Projection: person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to others  Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are pushed into the unconscious Defense Mechanisms

14.  Rationalization: Substituting socially acceptable reasons  Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas  Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state  Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development  Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse Defense Mechanisms

15. sAlfred Adler  Humans are motivated by social interest  Takes social context into account  First Born  Privileged until Dethroned  Second Born  In shadow of 1 st Born  inferiority, restlessness  Youngest  Pampered, dependent  Only Child  Higher intellect, timid, passive, & withdrawn Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian

16. sCarl Jung  A collective unconscious is represented by universal archetypes  Two forms of unconscious mind  Personal unconscious: unique for each person  Collective unconscious: consists of primitive images and ideas that are universal for humans Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian

17.  Humanistic personality theories reject psychoanalytic notions  Humanistic theories view each person as basically good and that people are striving for self-fulfillment  Humanistic theory argues that people carry a perception of themselves and of the world  The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept Humanistic Theory

18. sCarl Rogers  We have needs for:  Self-consistency (absence of conflict between self-perceptions  Congruence (consistency between self-perceptions and experience)  Inconsistency evokes anxiety and threat  People with low self-esteem generally have poor congruence between their self-concepts and life experiences. Humanistic Perspectives

19. ▲ Abraham Maslow emphasized the basic goodness of human nature and a natural tendency toward self-actualization. Humanistic Perspectives

21.  Proposed that each person has a unique personality because of our personal histories and interpretations shape our personalities ▲ Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive approach focuses on self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism. ▲ Julian Rotter’s locus of control theory emphasizes a person’s internal or external focus as a major determinant of personality. Social/Cognitive Perspective

22. sInternal locus of control  Life outcomes are under personal control  Positively correlated with self-esteem  Internals use more problem-focused coping sExternal locus of control  Luck, chance, and powerful others control behavior Locus of Control (Rotter)