1. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 1 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-42428-7 Chapter 11 Personality

2. 2 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times

3. 3 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 What Forces Shape Our Personalities? According to the psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our internal needs and cognitions and by external pressures from the social environment

4. 4 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders Psychoanalytic theory – Freud’s theory of personality

5. 5 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness

6. 6 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos

7. 7 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative

8. 8 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people to experience sensual pleasure

9. 9 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors

10. 10 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Model of the Mind

11. 11 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Id Superego Ego Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

12. 12 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Id Superego Ego Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

13. 13 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Id Superego Ego Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

14. 14 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Id Superego Ego Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

15. 15 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life

16. 16 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage

17. 17 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers

18. 18 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent

19. 19 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Penis envy– According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis– a condition that usually results in their attraction to males

20. 20 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Ego defense mechanisms – Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety Repression Projection

21. 21 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection Rorschach inkblot technique Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

22. 22 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Thematic Apperception Test

23. 23 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas desires or conflicts

24. 24 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id Collective unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people

25. 25 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious

26. 26 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious The male archetype The female archetype

27. 27 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves

28. 28 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Introversion – The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience–one’s own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert Extraversion – The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others

29. 29 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion

30. 30 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology Basic anxiety – An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment Neurotic needs – Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme

31. 31 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Humanistic Theories Humanistic Theories include Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality Carl Roger’s Fully Functioning Person

32. 32 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials

33. 33 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Fully functioning person – Term for a self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality

34. 34 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached

35. 35 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Evaluating Humanistic Theories Positive psychology – Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology

36. 36 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Cognitive Theories: Social Learning and Personality Observational learning – Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others Reciprocal determinism – Process in which the person, situation and environment mutually influence each other

37. 37 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Reciprocal Determinism Cognition Environment Behavior

38. 38 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Locus of Control Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate

39. 39 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Current Trends in Personality Theory Family systems theory Cultural differences Gender influences

40. 40 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 What Patterns are Found in Personality? Another approach describes personality in terms of stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types

41. 41 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 BloodPhlegm Yellow Bile Black Bile What Patterns are Found in Personality? Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance

42. 42 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality and Temperament Temperament – Basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors

43. 43 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality as a Composite of Traits Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions

44. 44 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Patterns in Personality The “Big Five” traits Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness to experience Conscientiousness

45. 45 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Patterns in Personality Type – Especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people

46. 46 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Assessing Traits NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests

47. 47 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Traits and the Person-Situation Debate Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior

48. 48 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 What “Theories” Do People Use to Understand Each Other? People everywhere develop implicit assumptions (“folk theories”) about personality, but these assumptions vary in important ways across cultures

49. 49 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Implicit Personality Theories Implicit personality theories – Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others Fundamental attribution error – Assumption that another person’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in the personality, rather than in the situation

50. 50 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality Across Cultures Assumptions people make vary widely across cultures–depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism Other cultural differences involve Status of different age groups and sexes Romantic love Stoicism Locus of control Thinking vs. feeling Attribution

51. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 51 End of Chapter 11