1. Digital Logic Lecture 4 Binary Codes The Hashemite University Computer Engineering Department

2. The Hashemite University2 Outline Introduction. Character coding. Error detection codes. Gray code. Decimal coding.

3. The Hashemite University3 Introduction Binary code is a sequence of 1 and 0 to represent specific values or quantities. Simply it is a substitution or a simplification technique. Binary code objectives: Security assurance: encryption and decryption techniques used to secure communication and data storage. Civil applications: such as text coding in computers, and codes used to reduce digital communication errors opportunities. Mainly we are interested in civil applications.

4. The Hashemite University4 General Rules of Binary Codes For n-bit binary code, the number of values that can be codes (or simply the max number of codes) = 2 n. The min number of bits required to code m values = ciel[log 10 m/log 10 2]. The max number of bit used to code m values can be >= min limit computed using the above equation (i.e. there is no restrictions on the maximum limit of the used bits). Each value must be assigned a unique code and vice versa to enable correct encoding and decoding.

5. The Hashemite University5 Binary Codes Types Character coding. Error detection codes. Gray code. Decimal coding.

6. The Hashemite University6 Character Coding -- ASCII ASCII stands for “American Standard Code for Information Interchange”. It is a 7-bit code. So, each character is assigned a 7- bit binary value. This value is used by the digital systems (e.g. Computers) to correctly store and manipulate text data. Originally used on non IBM systems. Basis of most currently used digital systems. Need to add an additional bit to make the code 8-bit to be stored in a byte. Two options are provided: Simply add 0 in the MSB. Use it in even or odd-parity error detection coding as will be seen later.

7. The Hashemite University7 ASCII Table

8. The Hashemite University8 Character Coding -- EBCDIC EBCDIC stands for “Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code”. 8-bit code. Originally used in IBM mainframes. Provide a larger set of codes than ASCII. Less common than ASCII.

9. The Hashemite University9 Character Coding -- Unicode Designated as the universal code for text coding. Comes to provide a large set of codes, i.e. solve the limitations found in ASCII and EBCDIC. 16-bit code. Used in the Internet.

10. The Hashemite University10 Error Detection Codes I Data communication requires special codes and algorithms to determine whether the received data is the same as the one transmitted, i.e. error free. The simplest error detection code is based on adding a parity bit for ASCII code. Parity means that two things are equal (identical). Simply add a 1 or 0 to the MSB in ASCII (parity) to make the number of ones in that byte either odd (odd parity) or even (even parity). Even parity is most common. E.g.: for 0111100 add 0 to MSB to obtain an even parity and 1 to obtain an odd parity.

11. The Hashemite University11 Error Detection Codes II The sender and the receiver know in advance the used parity type (odd or even). The sender add the parity bit to each byte before transmission. The receiver checks the parity before decoding the data. Assume that even parity is used, if the number of ones in a byte found to be odd, this means that there is an error in this byte.

12. The Hashemite University12 Error Detection Codes III Disadvantages: Both even and odd parity can detect odd number of error bits only. So, if two bits are in error for example, the parity remains correct. Parity cannot determine the locations of the bits in error. Cannot determine the number of bits in error. What to do when detecting an error in the received message? Ask the sender to retransmit the message. Or use an error correction algorithm to recover the original message.

13. The Hashemite University13 Gray Code Also, known as “The Reflected Binary Code”. The main idea of Gray code is that any two subsequent codes differ in one bit only. Useful for error detection and correction in digital communication systems. Manly used in applications that produce values in an increasing (or decreasing) order, i.e. similar to the counter concept. Gray code can be 1-bit, 2-bit, 3-bit, etc., based on the number of values needed to be coded.

14. The Hashemite University14 3-bit Gray Code

15. The Hashemite University15 Gray Code Conversion I The first method includes conversion in one direction only (from binary value to Gray). Start from the LSB, if the next bit (in the higher significance location) is 1 invert the current bit. If it is 0 then do not change the current bit. E.g. convert 11011 to Gray code. 11011 1 0 1 1 0 Answer = 10110 Inverted (1  0) since the bit after it is 1 Remains the same since the bit after it is 0

16. The Hashemite University16 Gray Code Conversion II The second method includes conversion in two directions and it is based on the usage of the XOR logical function. Convert Binary to Gray as follows: Copy the most significant bit For each smaller i do G[i] = XOR(B[i+1], B[i]) (to convert binary to Gray)

17. The Hashemite University17 Gray Code Conversion III Convert Gray to Binary as follows: Copy the most significant bit B[i] = XOR(B[i+1], G[i]) (to convert Gray to binary)

18. The Hashemite University18 Decimal Coding I BCD is the main example of decimal coding. BCD Code (Binary Coded Decimal): A code used to represent each decimal digit of a number by a 4-Bit Binary Value. Valid Digits for 0-9 are (0000 to 1001) the binary codes 1010 to 1111 are invalid. So, the BCD code of each digit is the binary conversion of that decimal digit. BCD comes to provide: A solution for the difficulty of the conversion between binary and decimal. Easier to be understood by humans.

19. The Hashemite University19 Decimal Coding II

20. The Hashemite University20 Decimal Coding III For a compound number of decimal (multi- digit number) the BCD of that number is simply the substitution of the BCD code of each digit. E.g. 123 10  000100100011 (BCD) So, n digit decimal number needs 4*n binary bits to be represented in BCD. Pay attention to number justification when it is in BCD. Also, note that numbers in BCD are decimal not binary numbers.

21. The Hashemite University21 Decimal Coding IV Note that a BCD digit needs 4 bit to be stored. The smallest storage unit in computer is byte which is larger than what needed by 1 BCD digit. There are two types of BCD code depending on how to store BDC digits in a byte. BCD code types: Packed BCD: a byte can store two BCD digits. So, for example, the number 8678 10 needs 2 bytes. Unpacked BCD: a byte can store one BCD digit in the lower nibble while the higher nibble contains zeros. So, for example, the number 8678 10 needs 4 bytes.

22. The Hashemite University22 Additional Notes This lecture covers the following material from the textbook: Chapter 1: Section 1.7