1. Eng.Samra Essalaimeh Philadelphia University 2013/2014 2 nd Semester PIC Microcontrollers

2. Computer Systems

3. The PC system main unit. PC motherboard

4. Block diagram of PC motherboard.

5. Word processor Operation

6. PC Microprocessor System Block diagram of PC microprocessor system. System Operation

7. Program Execution The ROM and RAM memory contain program information and data in numbered locations. The ISD contains address decoding logic which allocates a particular memory chip to a range of addresses. The I/O port registers, which are set up to handle the data transfer in and out of the system, are also allocated particular addresses by the system designer, and accessed by the CPU in the same way as memory locations. Execution Cycle

8. PC Engineering Applications

9. The Microcontroller The microcontroller can provide, in a simplified form, all the main elements of the conventional microprocessor system on a single chip. less complex applications can be designed and built quickly and cheaply

10. A Microcontroller Application Microcontroller keypad display system

11. Programming a Microcontroller

12. Information Coding Number Systems: 1. Decimal: Base 10

13. 2. Binary: Base 2 3. Hexadecimal: Base 16 hexadecimal is used as a way to represent binary numbers in a compact way, while allowing easy conversion back to the original binary

14. Examples of equivalent values Counting: The rules for counting in any number system: 1.Start with all digits set to zero. 2. In the right digit position (LSB), count up from zero to the maximum digit available (1 in binary, 9 in decimal, F in hexadecimal). 3. If a column value is at its maximum, reset it to zero, and increment (add 1 to) the next column to the left. In microprocessors, there is a fixed number of digits in the registers which store binary numbers (8, 16, 32 bits or more). If the number storage space has a fixed number of digits, leading zeros must be used to fill the empty positions, because each register bit must be either 1 or 0, and leading zeros do not alter the value.

16. Bits, Bytes and Words : One binary digit represents a ‘bit’ of information. A group of 8 bits is called a ‘byte’, and larger binary codes are called ‘words’. This last term is used fairly loosely, but it sometimes refers to a 16-bit code, with a 32-bit code called a ‘long word’, specifically in the Motorola 68000 CPU, which was widely used in the past. As we now know, in hexadecimal four bits are represented by one hex digit, so a byte is 2 hex digits, and so on. Thus, register and memory values are typically displayed as hexadecimal numbers with 2, 4, 8, 16... digits.

17. Machine Code Programs Data Words:

18. Machine Code 8086 Machine Code

19. PIC Machine Code

20. ASCII Code: ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) is a type of binary code for representing alphanumeric characters, as found on your computer keyboard. The basic code consists of seven bits. For example, capital (or ‘upper case’) ‘A’ is represented by binary code 100 0001 (65), ‘B’ by 66, and so on to ‘Z’ = 65+25 = 90 = 101 10102. Lower case letters and other common keyboard characters such as punctuation, brackets and arithmetic signs, plus some special control characters also have a code in the range 0–127. The numerical characters also have a code, for example ‘9’ = 011 10012, so you sometimes need to make it clear if the code is the binary equivalent 10012 or the ASCII code 011 10012.