1. PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES -Integer -Floating Point -Decimal -Boolean -Character STRINGS -Character Array -Class -String Length -Static -Limited Dynamic -Dynamic ENUMERATION TYPES - C++ - Fortran - Java SUBRANGE TYPES ARRAYS -Indexing -Flavors -Static -Fixed Stack Dynamic -Stack Dynamic -Fixed Heap-Dynamic -Heap Dynamic -Initalization -Operations (APL) -Rectangular/Jagged -Implementation -Single Dimensional -Multi Dimensional ASSOCIATIVE ARRAYS RECORD TYPES UNION TYPES POINTER/REFERENCE TYPES -Fundamental Operations -Problems -Memory Leak -Dangling Pointer -C++ -Java -Solutions to Pointer Problems -Tombstone -Heap Management -Reference Counter -Garbage Collection LECTURE OUTLINE FOR: CHAPTER 6 DATA TYPES

2. C++ Weak Typing to Display Integer int main(void) { int theInt = 42; char* theBytes = &theInt; cout << “int is: “ << theInt << endl; cout << “byte values: “ << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[0] << “ “ << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[1] << “ “ << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[2] << “ “ << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[3] << “ “ << endl; }

3. C++ Weak Typing to Display Integer Hexadecimal int main(void) { int theInt = 42; char* theBytes = &theInt; cout << “int is: “ << theInt << endl; cout << “byte values: “ << hex << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[0] << “ “ << hex << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[1] << “ “ << hex << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[2] << “ “ << hex << ((int) (unsigned char)) theBytes[3] << “ “ << endl; }

4. C++ Program to Write/Read Integer Using Text Files int main(void) { int theInt = 12345678; ofstream out; out.open(“temp.txt”); out << theInt << endl; out.close(); } int main(void) { int theInt; ifstream in; in.open(“temp.txt”); in >> theInt; in.close();. }

5. C++ Program to Write/Read Integer Using Binary Files int main(void) { int theInt = 12345678; ofstream out; out.open(“temp.bin”, ios::binary); out << theInt << endl; out.close(); } int main(void) { int theInt; ifstream in; in.open(“temp.bin”, ios::binary); in >> theInt; in.close();. }

6. Interest Calculation Using Floating Point Data Type #include using namespace std; int main(void) { // Credit card balance double balance = 10.10; double interest = 0.1; // Formatting cout.precision(30); cout << showpoint; // Output cout << "Balance is:\t " << balance << endl; cout << "Interest is:\t " << interest << endl; cout << "New balance is:\t " << (balance * (1 + interest)) << endl; }

7. Interest Calculation Using Decimal Data Type VC++.NET #include "stdafx.h" #using using namespace System; int _tmain() { // Credit card balance Decimal balance = 10.10; Decimal interest = 0.1; // Output Console::WriteLine("Balance is:\t {0}",balance.ToString("F30")); Console::WriteLine("Interest is:\t {0}",interest.ToString("F30")); Console::WriteLine("New Balance is:\t {0}",(balance * (1 + interest)).ToString("F30")); return 0; }

9. String* s = new String(); s = s.Concat(s,new String(“ ”)); s = s.Concat(s,new String(“ Item One”)); s = s.Concat(s,new String(“ Item Two”));... s = s.Concat(s,new String(“ ”)); String Concatenation Problem

10. ASCII Code Page

11. Latin-1 1252 Code Page

14. Figure 1: Figure 1: Unicode encoding layout for the BMP (Plane 0) UNICODE LAYOUT Basic Plane

15. enum day {Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun}; // Set day of week day d = Mon; switch (d) { case Mon: cout << “More sleep!” << endl; break; case Tue: cout << “Close to the hump!” << endl; break; case Wed: cout << “Hump day!” << endl; break; case Thu: cout << “Over the hump!” << endl; break; case Fri: cout << “Yipee! “ << endl; break; case Sat: cout << “Sweet weekend.” << endl; break; case Sun: cout << “Rats, almost Monday.” << endl; break; } // Set day of week int d = 0; switch (d) { case 0: cout << “More sleep!” << endl; break; case 1: cout << “Close to the hump!” << endl; break; case 2: cout << “Hump day!” << endl; break; case 3: cout << “Over the hump!” << endl; break; case 4: cout << “Yipee! “ << endl; break; case 5: cout << “Sweet weekend.” << endl; break; case 6: cout << “Rats, almost Monday.” << endl; break; } Enumeration Types (C++ Example

16. Enumeration Types (Java Example)

17. Disk Program in Virtual Memory

18. Computing Address of Element In Multidimensional Array

19. #!/usr/bin/env perl # # Welcome to Perl! # # To run this program type: # # perl AssociativeArrayExample.pl # # If the program works... then you've installed # perl correctly! # print "Initializing associative array...\n"; %salaries = ("Gary" => 75000, "Perry" => 57000, "Mary" => 55750, "Cedric" => 47850); print "Perry's salary is: $salaries{'Perry'}\n"; # Iterate and print the key - value pairs print "Dumping the associative array: \n"; foreach my $key (keys %salaries) { print " value of $key is $salaries{$key}\n"; } print "Deleting Gary from associative array: \n"; delete $salaries{"Gary"}; print "Checking for the existance of Gary in array: "; if (exists $salaries{"Gary"}) { print "EXISTS!\n"; } else { print "DOES NOT EXIST!\n"; } print "Dumping the associative array again: \n"; foreach my $key (keys %salaries) { print " value of $key is $salaries{$key}\n"; } print "Emptying array: \n"; %salaries = (); print "Dumping the associative array again: \n"; foreach my $key (keys %salaries) { print " value of $key is $salaries{$key}\n"; } Perl Program Demonstrating Associative Arrays

20. COBOL RECORD EXAMPLES

21. Ada RECORD EXAMPLES

22. C++ UNION TYPES #include using namespace std; //introduces namespace std int main( void ) { typedef union _GenericInput { bool theBool; char theChar; int theInt; double theDouble; } GenericInput; GenericInput input0; GenericInput input1; cout << "Enter a character: "; cin >> input0.theChar; cout << "Enter a double: "; cin >> input1.theDouble; // You should not be able to assign these two variables // because they hold different types (char and double) // but the “free union” capability in C,C++ allows this // DANGEROUS!!! input0 = input1; char *byteArray = (char *) &input1; cout << hex << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[0])) << " " << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[1])) << " " << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[2])) << " " << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[3])) << " " << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[4])) << " " << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[5])) << " " << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[6])) << " " << ((int) ((unsigned char) byteArray[7])) << endl; cout << "As boolean x[" << input0.theBool << "]" << endl; cout << "As character [" << input0.theChar << "]" << endl; cout << "As integer x[" << input0.theInt << "]" << endl; cout << "As double [" << input0.theDouble << "]" << endl; return 0; } OUTPUT: Enter a character: a Enter a double: 10.2 66 66 66 66 66 66 24 40 As boolean x[66] As character [f] As integer x[66666666] As double [10.2] Press any key to continue

23. Ada UNION TYPES