1. Chapter Eight

2. ● political party platform ● independent ● soft money loophole ●National Convention Buckley v. Valeo (1976) Citizen United v. FEC 2010

3. Joining the party 2012 Funny Party Clips: Political Parties Rap JIB JAB

5. Topics for Today: What are the functions of political parties? What are the three components that make up political parties? Review major party stances—Differences between Dems and Republicans

6. The Functions of Political Parties Political parties run candidates under their own label or affiliation = Fundamental goal of getting elected Parties seek to govern Parties have broad concerns, focused on many issues Parties are quasi-public organizations that have a special relationship with the government. Responsible Party Model A party tries to give voters a clear choice by establishing priorities or policy stances different from those of the rival other party or parties.

7. Three Faces of Political Parties

8. People in the Electorate

9. Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008 The Party in the Electorate

10. Demographic Characteristics of Political Parties

11. Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008 Party Eras in American History

13. Party Organization Committees Headquarters Volunteers Staff

14. The party in government Who is the PARTY IN POWER? What does the party out of power do? What is divided government?

15. Traditional Political Spectrum More Liberal (Left)— Want Change—Govt Should be an agent of that Change More Conservative (Right) Resist Change—less govt Moderates Left Wing Radical Demand Change even if Change is VIOLENT change Socialism Communism Pure Capitalism Political Fascism Right Wing Radical “Reactionary” Want to return to “good old days” even if dong so requires violence DemocratsRepublicans

16. When I say liberal who and what issues do we think of?

18. When I say conservative who and what issues do we think of?

20. Liberal v. Conservative (in America) Liberal = Progressive change within the state led by the government. More government involvement. –Left leaning –Secular, --for strong separation of church and state –Larger role of government in economy –Less government on social issues Conservative = Traditional policies designed to preserve the status quo led by minimal involvement from the government. Less government involvement. –Right leaning –Religious (less secular)—the “religious right” –Minimal Economic Intervention (Laissez-faire) –More government involvement on social issues

21. LiberalsConservatives Role of Government Taxes Healthcare Education Believe government should play a large role in securing basic public institutions for citizens on economic issues Believe people should not rely on the government for help—more private than public institutions Need more taxes to fund public institutions Believe it should be a public and basic human right— universal and available to every citizen subsidized by the govt. Believe it should be private and since allowing the govt to control it will destroy quality and lead to inefficiency For public education and more money for schools For funding private schools and public vouchers to send kids to private (religious) schools. Less taxes—means less social programs

22. LiberalsConservatives Religion Environment Welfare and Medicaid Social Security Should be separation of church and state—against school prayer, ten commandments in classrooms Believes religion has a role in school and should be up to each school to decide what it would like to put in curriculum— creationism or evolution? For protections even if protection hurts business. Believe global warming is manmade Not “against” the environment, just not willing to compromise economic interests for environmental ones. Question man’s activity in global warming. Individual should have it if they need it Some want it gone entirely, others say Individuals should be limited in how long they can stay on welfare Keep social security publicly funded Allow social security to be privatized—allow for individual private accounts

23. LiberalsConservatives Abortion Gay Marriage Affirmative Action Gun Control Death Penalty Pro-ChoicePro-Life For because government has responsibility to provide equal access to all given our history of racism Against because govt. is not responsible for this and possible reverse racism? For gun control For gun rights AgainstFor Against

24. Who are some influential liberals/Democrats and conservatives/Republicans? http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnew s/northamerica/usa/6951961/Top-100-US- liberals-and-conservatives.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnew s/northamerica/usa/6951961/Top-100-US- liberals-and-conservatives.html

25. Party System Divided Government Third Party Liberal New Deal Patronage Primary elections Split ticket voting Realignment Superdelegates Online StopWatch

26. Topics for Today How are parties organized? Explain development of political parties in U.S. history. Why do we have a two-party system? What are third parties and what role do they play? Explain the role of money in political parties and elections.

27. THINK!! What were the first political parties? What is the difference between spoils and patronage? Give an example of a REALIGNING election---explain.(critical election or political realignment) Give 2 trends that show DEALIGNMENT Why a 2 party system?....check him outcheck him out

28. FRQ: 2006

29. Ch. 8 FRQ Rubric: Part a: 1 point for accurate description of cartoonist: (voting for a third party is throwing away a vote) Part b: 4 points (1 point for each identification, 1 point for the description): Winner take all aspect of electoral college, Ballot access, campaign financing (rules/limits), federal funding of presidential elections, exclusion from presidential debates, single-member plurality districts

30. Part c: 2 points (1 point for each of 2 descriptions New or different ideas or issues Voice for fringe Safety valve for discontent Enhanced participation Room for critical voices Pushes major parties to include otherwise underrepresented concerns/groups Clarify major party candidates’ positions

31. Party Organization National Convention, National Party Committees (DNC, RNC) National Chair (if party out of power—leader of loyal opposition Buckley v. Valeo (1976) strengthened

32. History of Political Parties 1 st System: Development of Parties, 1789- 1828  1 st System: Development of Parties, 1789- 1828  2 nd System: Democrats’ Rise to Power, 1828- 1860 (populism) (spoils system)  3 rd System: Republican’ Rise to Power, 1860- 1896 (political machine/patronage)—Whigs faded....GOP arose  4 th System: Republican Dominance, 1896- 1932  5 th System: 1932 Elections: Example of realignment Democratic Dominance, 1932-1968 (New Deal)  A New Party System? Dealignment? Split- ticket voting/ third parties/ More candidate centered

33. Two Party Dominance Reasons for two-party dominance: Dualist nature of most conflicts Winner-Take-All system vs. Proportional Representation Socialization to the two-party system (tradition) Election laws favor the two-party system - What does Two-Party System mean? What is a One-Party system? What is a Multi-Party system? Which is more stable? -What are Third Parties?

34. PLURALITY

35. Advantages to the 2-party system? Political Stability The major parties are a known-quantity and therefore safe. Easy to understand the difference between two parties versus several. No coalition building among competing parties that is needed in parliamentary systems.

36. Are 3 rd Parties in our out of the Mainstream? Common 3 rd Parties Green Party Libertarian Party Reform Party Lesser known 3 rd Parties Communist Party USA American Heritage Party Independence Party American Reform Party Constitution Party Family Values Party Freedom Socialist Party / Radical Women Labor Party Light Party Peace & Freedom Party Prohibition Party Socialist Party USA U.S. Pacifist Party Veterans Party of America Natural Law Party THE RENT IS TOO DAMN HIGH

37. Types of 3 rd Parties Issue Advocacy Parties –Single issue, usually short-lived because issue either dies or is adopted by a major party Ideologically Oriented Parties –Broad set of issues: Green, Reform, Libertarian, Socialists Party Splinter Parties—break off from main party –Historically most successfully –Bull-Moose Party (T. Roosevelt) –State’s Rights Party “Dixicrats” (pro- segragationist Democrats in the South)

38. What do third parties do? Improve the system by focusing on issues –Sometimes their issues are picked up by a major party Provide discontented or disaffected voters with a choice –Provide a voice for the “fringe” Act as a “spoiler” in election Election 1992 NomineeBill ClintonGeorge H. W. BushRoss Perot PartyDemocraticRepublicanIndependent Electoral vote3701680 Popular vote44,909,80639,104,55019,743,821 Percentage43.0%37.4%18.9%

39. Election 2000 Presidential Candidate Vice Presidential Candidate Political Party Popular Vote Electoral Vote George W. Bush Richard CheneyRepublican50,459,62447.87%27150.4% Albert Gore Jr.Joseph LiebermanDemocrat51,003,238 48.38%26649.4% Ralph NaderWinona LaDukeGreen2,882,9852.74%00.0%

40. Presidential Candidate Vice Presidential Candidate Political Party Popular Vote Electoral Vote George W. BushRichard CheneyRepublican2,912,79048.85%25 Albert Gore Jr.Joseph LiebermanDemocrat2,912,25348.84%0 Ralph NaderWinona LaDukeGreen97,4881.63%0 Florida Vote—2000 Election

43. Nader in 2008 Announcing candidacy on Meet the PressMeet the Press Daily show interviewinterview

44. Can we think of a way to eliminate the Spoiler Effect of 3 rd Parties?? Run-off elections, or Instant Run-off Voting (IRV) (Instant Run-off clip)clip

45. Public Opinion on 3 rd Parties CLIP

46. Parties in the 21 st Century Neo-Conservative Republicans New Democrats The Effect of the Internet on Parties

47. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) Independent Expenditure is a political activity intended to assist or oppose a specific candidate for office which is made without their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge. Most commonly, this takes the form of advertising. Groups which frequently make use of independent expenditures include political party committees, political action committees, and 527 groups. The decision to allow independent campaign expenditures came about in a 1976 Supreme Court case, Buckley v. Valeo.

48. Soft Money vs. Hard Money Soft Money: donations generally to the political parties, and are are not contributed directly to candidate’s campaigns, but can be spent on advertising (especially against other party) and other campaign related items. Hard Money: money given directly to a candidate’s campaign per person per election

52. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002 (BCRA) aka McCain-Feingold Before McCain-Feingold : Soft Money: unlimited (given to parties) Hard Money: limited by federal law (to candidates) - $1,000 federal limit per person per election directly to candidate, $20,000 to party for election related spending, and $5,000 to PAC for candidate.

54. After McCain-Feingold (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002): Soft Money: banned (except certain non-profits (527 Groups) – which we will talk about) Hard Money: limited by federal law (to candidates) - $2,000 federal limit per person per election directly to candidate, $25,000 to party for election related spending, and $5,000 to PAC for candidate.

56. 527 Groups After McCain-Feingold, how can groups like MoveOn.org and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth run these ads? These groups take advantage of a tax loophole, to raise unlimited funds to use against candidates. The IRS tax code 26 U.S.C. § 527 from 1986 allows the creation of groups that can raise funds influence the nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates for public office. These have been dubbed 527 Groups from the tax code and the parties have used these groups to funnel funds. Some political scientists say this is the new soft money!

57. Swift Boat Veterans for Truth

58. From the New York Times

61. From a Bush 2004 Reelection Campaign Blog

62. The conservative journal the National Review mocks MoveOn.org and the democratic loss of the 2004 election.

63. The reality is both parties benefit significantly from 527s!

64. So who the heck enforces these campaign finance laws anyway? The Federal Elections Commission (FEC) oversees all campaign financing. It is an independent regulatory agency created in 1975 by the United States Congress to administer and enforce campaign finance legislation in the United States. The Commission is made up of six members, who are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, both of who are elected officials who are heavily invested in the current system and many of the penalties are considered weak by many.

65. Filing with the FEC Most candidates for federal offices file financial statements with the FEC quarterly. This includes itemized details of fundraising from individual people if the amount received from an individual totals more than $200 during a year; contributions from party committees, PACs, and candidates regardless of amount; loans received by committees and other kinds of receipts. This is called disclosure. Even relatives are limited in the amount they can donate to a person’s campaign. They must also (to an extent) report how much money they make a year.

66. That is how we know this… Romney – worth between $190 and $250 million (the FEC allows candidates to calculate a range based on their investments) Giuliani – $18.1 and $70.4 million Clinton - $10 to $50 million McCain - $21 million to $32 million Edwards – $29.5 million Obama – $456,000 and $1.1 million And the poorest candidate was: Kucinich – $196,000 and $352,000 (from CNN)

67. Citizens United v. FEC A provision of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act prohibiting unions, corporations and not-for-profit organizations from broadcasting electioneering communications within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election violates the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. So now, unions, corporations, and not-for profit groups can run ads— “electioneering” without limit!

68. Study the Chapter: http://www.mhhe.com/harrison1e http://www.mhhe.com/harrison1e