1. STRESS and TRAUMA The role of yoga, meditation, mindfulness in the healing process.

2. “Nature has instilled in all animals, including humans, a nervous system capable of restoring equilibrium. When self- regulating function is blocked or disturbed, trauma symptoms develop...” Peter Levine (Foundation for Human Enrichment, 2007)

4. Common feature shared by all ptsd syndromes  Fatigue, fainting  Shortness of breath,  Palpitations,  Headache, dizziness,  Excessive sweating,  Disturbed sleep,  Difficulty in concentration  Forgetfulness

5. 5 Stress Hormone Systems Norepinephrine – “revving up” hormone Cortisol – “quieting down” hormone Both hormones are released in response to stress. They are normally in balance.

6. (Foundation for Human Enrichment, 2007)

7. Structural changes  Lower average volume in the hippocampal region  Structural changes in the amygdale

8. 8 HPA Axis Alterations PTSD Major Depression Cortisol levels LowHigh Glucocorticoid receptors Increased Decreased Dexamethasone Hypersuppression Nonsuppression Negative feedback Stronger Weaker CSF CRF levels Increased Increased

9.  Avoidance is one of the main symptoms of PTSD, and it can take years to seek help.

10. TREATMENT

11. 11 Treatment Components  Coping skills  Medication  Psychotherapy  Alternative therapies

12. 12 Alternative therapies  Art therapy  Somatic therapies/bodywork  Acupuncture  Yoga  Tai Chi  Religious/spiritual practices  Virtual reality