1. canon Formation of the Word of God

2. Questioning the canon Bart Ehrman, University of North Carolina Late, arbitrary, and artificial imposition by the ecclesial establishment

3. history Septuagint - translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek Penteteuch (Gen - Deut) 250 BC Alexandria Alternate translations continue through the first centuries of the common era Adolf Deissmann “A single hour lovingly devoted to the text of the LXX will further our exegetical knowledge of the Pauline Epistles more than a whole day spent over a commentary”

4. Factors - Positive Read liturgically in Church gatherings — the Septuagint and letters Sent letters to one another (Col 4:16) Citing letters as inspired (2 Peter 3:15–16; Church Fathers)

5. Instigating factors Marcion’s Canon Tatian’s Diatesseron (170 AD) Gnostic Writings

6. lists Muratorian Fragment (200 AD) lacks Hebrews, James, 3 John, 1 and 2 Peter adds Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter (not in church), Shepherd of Hermas Eusebius (early 300’s) Recognized Disputed: James, Jude, 2 Peter, 2–3 John Spurious- Acts of Paul, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Epistle of Barnabus, Didache Athanasius, Festal Letter, 367 27 books in our order Augustine, De doctrina christiana, 396 Council of Carthage, 397

7. Requirements Use in the Church universal, not just local Apostolic derivation Theological consistency (regula fidei)

8. Hebrews as A Test case Authorship ideas of Paul written by someone else Rule of Faith East - pilgrimage; West- authority Warnings against apostasy Christological heresies Wide spread use

9. Early Thoughtful Organic Democratic Providential Affirming the canon Late, arbitrary, and artificial imposition by the ecclesial establishment

10. Is the Canon Closed? Open to finding insight in other places Dawn Devries, “Ever to Be Reformed According to the Word of God”: The process of forming the canon in essence involved groups of Christians identifying those writings through which they reliably encountered a Word of God. Since the time in which the canon was officially determined, groups of Christians have continued regularly to encounter a Word of God in these texts. Were they to substitute a different set of writings, however, the collective experience of the Christian community would no longer justify their confidence in the texts; that would have to be established in some other way. Convinced of the ever present and powerful reality of sin, the theologian would be obliged to question the motives and justifications a small group of people could have for establishing a new sacred canon. The collective experience of the many is always more reliable than the select experience of the few.

11. Translation issues 1. Majority Text vs. Early Manuscripts Mark 16:9ff John 8 2. Type of Translation Formal equivalence - NASB Dynamic equivalence - New Living Present Issues Gendered translation for humans brothers and sisters? Heb 2:10 - sons or children? Gendered language for God?