1. CENTURY REVIEW PART I 1453- 1555

2. RENAISSANCE Italy was first to experience Renaissance Reasons: Geography Urbanization Social factors Political variety Education Latin and Greek Trade Routes Printing press Spread humanist ideas

3. HUMANISM New self- consciousness regarding human beings Humanism: Secularism Classics Individualism Power (Machiavelli)

4. HUMANIST WRITERS 1.Petrarch Father of humanism 2.Machiavelli The Prince 3.Castiglione Book of the Courtier 4.Lorenzo de Medici Civic humanism

5. HUMANIST ARTISTS Common techniques used by artists: Perspective Naturalism subject matter Order and symmetry Artists begin gaining notoriety 1.Donatello: David first full size statue cast in bronze 2.Brunelleschi: Il Duomo 3.Da Vinci: Mona Lisa, Last Supper 4.Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel 5.Raphael: School of Athens

6. WOMEN AND THE RENAISSANCE Patrons of the Arts Notable female humanists: 1.Christine de Pisan First feminist 2.Isabella d’ Este Diplomat Established school for girls Wrote letter of literary quality

7. RENAISSANCE POLITICS Variety of govts. Florence= despotism Medici Milan= military dictatorship Visconti Papal states= despotism Papacy Venice= Republic Merchant families/ Doge Naples= feudalism Ferdinand of Aragon Balance of Power Peace of Lodi (1454)

8. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE Strong in Low Countries (Belgium and Netherlands) France, England, Germany. Emphasized Christian readings Bible Writings of early church fathers Christian Humanism Spread through printing press

9. CHRISTIAN HUMANISM Critical of Church abuses Hoped to maintain unity through reformation Notable Christian Humanists: 1.Erasmus Praise of Folly 2.More Utopia

10. PROTESTANT REFORMATION Christian Humanism Causes: Indulgences- buying offices Simony- selling church offices Nepotism- giving offices to relatives Pluralism- holding multiple offices Absenteeism- Not living in region where office is held Notable Reformers: 1.Martin Luther 2.John Calvin 3.Ulrich Zwingli

11. MARTIN LUTHER German Theology: Sola scriptura- Bible only authority Sola fide- salvation comes from faith Sola gratia- salvation comes from God’s grace Publications: On the Freedom of the Christian On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church An Address to the Nobility of the German Nation German translation of the Bible Major Events: 95 Thesis Peasants Revolt Diet of Woms

12. JOHN CALVIN French, Swiss leader Theology: Predestination Ecclesiastical Ordinances Publications Institutes of the Christian Religion

13. ULRICH ZWINGLI Zurich Theology: Transubstantiation Major Events: Marburg Colloquy Killed during the Swiss Civil War

14. CONSEQUENCES OF REFORMATION Social: Family was the center of social life Women earned limited rights (divorce and education) Literacy for both boys and girls Protestant work ethic capitalism

15. ENGLISH REFORMATION Henry VIII Cause: Divorce from Catherine of Aragon wasn’t granted by the pope Consequences: Act of Supremacy- King as the head of the Catholic Church in England Act of Succession- legitimate offspring are those conceived w/ Anne Boleyn Religious Reforms: Act of SuccessionHenry VIII Six Articles Henry VIII Book of Common PrayerEdward VI Act of Uniformity Edward VI Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth I

16. COUNTER- REFORMATION New Religious Orders Ignatious Loyola Jesuits Teresa of AvilaCarmelites Council of Trent Eliminated church abuses Better education for priests No compromise on religious doctrine Clerical celibacy Importance of good works Authority of papacy Transubstantiation Roman Inquisition Index of Forbidden Books Baroque Art Bernini

17. EARLY MONARCHIES England, France, Russia, Spain Centralized govts. Taxes Controlling the aristocracy Codified laws Control warfare Early bureaucracy Religious control