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Human Development Across the Lifespan
Chapter 10 Human Development Across the Lifespan
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Chapter 10 Preview Studying Development
Physical Development Across the Life Span Cognitive Development Across the Life Span Acquiring Language
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Chapter 10 Preview Social Development Across the Life Span
Sex and Gender Differences Moral Development Learning to Age Successfully Recapping Main Points
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Developmental Psychology
Interaction between physical and psychological processes Stages of growth from conception throughout entire life span
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Stages in Life Span Development
Table 10.1, page 261
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Normative Investigations
Studying Development Normative Investigations Chronological age Developmental age
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Cross-Sectional Design
Studying Development Designs Longitudinal Design Cross-Sectional Design
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Babies Prewired for Survival
Can you think of any others? Repertory of survival reflexes at birth Visual preferences
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Locomotion Figure 10.5, page 267
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General Principles of Physical Development
Cephalocaudal principle Proximodistal principle
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Physical Development Across the Life Span
Bodily changes, maturation and growth that occur in organism beginning with conception and continuing across life span
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Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research
Figure 10.1, page 262
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Physical Development Fetus Fetal Stage Embryo Embryonic Stage Zygote
Prenatal and Childhood Development Zygote Germinal Stage Embryo Embryonic Stage Fetus Fetal Stage
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Babies Prewired for Survival
Physical Development Babies Prewired for Survival Robert Fantz Eleanor Gibson Richard Walk
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Physical Development Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Teratogen Any environmental factor that causes structural abnormalities in fetus Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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Development of Human Brain
Figure 10.2, page 264
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Physical Development Figure 10.4, page 266
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Growth and Maturation in Childhood
Physical Development Growth and Maturation in Childhood Maturation Age-related physical and behavioral changes characteristic of species Continuing influence of heredity throughout development
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Physical Development in Adolescence
Puberty Menarche Attainment of sexual maturity Onset of menstruation
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Physical Changes in Adulthood
Vision Hearing Reproductive and sexual functioning
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Cognitive Development
Development of process of knowing, imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem-solving Cognitive Development
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Cognitive Development
John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau Nature versus Nurture
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Normative Investigations
Studying Development Chronological age Developmental age Normative Investigations
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Designs Studying Development Longitudinal Design
Cross-Sectional Design Designs
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Jean Piaget’s Insights
Building Blocks of Developmental Change Assimilation New cognitive elements are fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily Accommodation Restructuring cognitive structures so that new information can fit into them more easily Schemes Cognitive structure used to interpret world and adapt to environment
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Figure 10.2, page 270
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Stages in Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage 0-2 years old Object permanence Preoperational Stage 2-7 years old Egocentrism Centration
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Stages in Cognitive Development
Concrete Operations Stage 7-11 years old Conservation Reversibility
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Tests of Conservation
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Stages in Cognitive Development
Formal Operations Stage 11 years to adulthood Abstract and hypothetical thinking
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Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development
Infant Cognition Renee Baillargeon Research
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Theory of Mind Theory of mind Ability to explain and predict other people’s behavior based on understanding of their mental states
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Theory of Mind Table 10.3, page 272
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Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development
Social and Cultural Influences Lev Vygotsky Internalization
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Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Intelligence “Crystallized” intelligence “Wisdom “Fluid” intelligence
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Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Selective Optimization with Compensation Paul and Margaret Baltes
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Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Memory Age- related declines typically evident in only some abilities
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Acquiring Language Grammar Phonology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
Rules of language Phonology Phoneme Syntax Morpheme Semantics Lexical meaning Pragmatics
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Perceiving Speech and Words
Acquiring Language Perceiving Speech and Words Learning New Words Perceiving Speech and Words Phonemes Child-directed speech
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Dan Slobin Language-making capacity
Acquiring Grammar Noam Chomsky Innate Dan Slobin Language-making capacity Acquiring Grammar Noam Chomsky Children are born with mental structures that facilitate comprehension and production of language Dan Slobin Children bring innate constraints to task of learning particular language Language-making capacity Overregularization
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Acquiring Language Figure 10.8, page 278
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Social Development Social Development
Ways in which individuals’ social interactions and expectations change across life span
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Self-doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Competence vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego-integrity vs. Despair
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Psychology in Your Life
What happens when children become bilingual? Would you engage your own child to become bilingual? Why? Why not? Read more about this on page 278 of your text.
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Social Development in Childhood
Socialization Lifelong process through which individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skill, attitudes and motives are shaped to conform to those seen as socially desirable
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Social Development in Childhood
Temperament Biologically-based level of emotional and behavioral response to environmental events Sets stage for later aspects of social development Jerome Kagan
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Social Development in Childhood
Attachment Intense, enduring, social-emotional relationship Konrad Lorenz Imprinting John Bowlby Internal working model
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Social Development in Childhood
Strange Situation Test Securely attached Insecurely attached - avoidant Insecurely attached - ambivalent/resistant Attachment and Mary Ainsworth
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Social Development in Childhood
Manner in which parents rear children Impact on attachment relationships Parenting Styles
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Classification of Parenting Styles
Figure 10.10, page 283
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Social Development in Childhood
Harry Harlow’s monkeys Contact comfort Stephen Suomi Cross-fostering Contact Comfort and Social Experience Lack of close, loving relationship in infancy affects physical growth and even survival Human Deprivation
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Social Development in Adolescence
G. Stanley Hall Storm and Stress Anna Freud Maragret Mead and Ruth Benedict Erik Erikson Independence Experience of Adolescence
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Social Development in Adolescence
James Marcia Expanded on Erikson’s analysis Identity diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Identity achievement Identify Formation
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Social Deveolpment in Adolescence
Complete with parents to shape attitudes and behaviors Friendships Cliques Crowds More likely to engage risky behaviors when under peer influence Peer Relationships
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Critical Thinking in Your Life
How does day care affect children’s development? Use findings from your text on page 286 to answer this question.
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Social Development in Adulthood
Capacity to make full commitment Selective social interaction theory Laura Carstensen Intimacy Commitment beyond one’s self and one’s partner George Vaillant Generativity
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Sex and Gender Differences
Sex Differences Biologically based characteristics that distinguish males and females Gender Psychological phenomenon referring to learned sex-related behaviors and attitudes
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Sex and Gender Differences
Gender Identity Individual’s sense of maleness or femaleness Includes awareness and acceptance of one’s sex Gender Roles Patterns of behavior regarded as appropriate for males and females in particular society
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Sex and Gender Differences
Acquisition of Gender Roles Eleanor Maccoby Young children are segregationists Many gender differences result of peer relationships
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Morality Moral Development
System of beliefs, values, and underlying judgments about the rightness or wrongness of human acts
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Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development and Reasoning
Preconventional Conventional Principled
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Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning
Carol Gilligan Women’s morality is based on standard of caring for others Men’s morality is based on standard of justice
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Learning to Age Successfully
Successful Aging Selective Optimization with Compensation Optimization Compensation
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Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Studying Development Prenatal and Childhood Development Physical Development in Adolescence Physical Changes in Adulthood Physical Development Across the Life Span
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Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Piaget’s Insight Contemporary Perspectives Cognitive Development in Adulthood Cognitive Development Across the Life Span Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words Learning Word Meanings Acquiring Grammar Acquiring Language
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Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Social Development in Childhood Social Development in Adolescence Social Development in Adulthood Social Development Across the Life Span Sex Differences Gender Identity and Gender Roles Sex and Gender Differences
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Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Kohlberg’s Stages Gender and Cultural perspectives Moral Development Learning to Age Successfully
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