1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: U.S. Families: Historical Origins, Changes, and Contemporary Issues

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Images of Families Families we live by—idealized versions presented by the media, such as a loving two-parent family, with a breadwinner father and stay-at-home mother. Also called prescriptive families. Families we live with—our actual families, that may bear little resemblance to media images. Also called descriptive families.

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Forces That Shaped Western European Families 1.The move from agricultural to industrial production. 2.The rise and decline of feudalism. 3.The replacement of a traditional mode of action with a rational mode of action.

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of European Family Life 1. Pre-Feudal Family Life-Subsistence economy arranged around kinship units. 2. Medieval Family Life-Breakdown in kinship, greater centralization of economic activity, emergence of European marriage patterns. 3. Modernity and the Family-Shifts in larger society created: 1. a cult of domesticity; 2.distinctions between the public and private spheres ; and 3.a shift from the instrumental self to the expressive self.

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Characteristics of U.S. Families Data in this chapter were obtained from United States Census Bureau. Data Include: –Number of Families and Households –Size of Families –Marital Status –Family Income

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Families and Households Family—Two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption who reside in the same household. Subfamily—When a married couple or a parent and child unit live in a household headed by someone else. Household—All persons occupying a housing unit.

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Number of Families and Households In 2007, there were 116 million households in the U.S. 78.4 million (67.8%) of these were family households. An increasing number/proportion of people are living alone or with non-family members.

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Size of Families Family size refers to the number of persons who are living together and related by birth, marriage, or adoption. In 2007, average household size was 2.96 persons and average family size was 3.13 persons. Family size has continuously declined since 1890.

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Marital Status The U.S. Census Includes Four Marital Status Categories: –Never Married –Married –Widowed –Divorced Most of the adult population is married (in 2007, 59.9% of males and 56.7% of females were married), and when divorced, most people remarry. A growing percentage of the population, however, is single at any given time.

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Median Age at Marriage (2007) Males: 27.7 Females: 26

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Family Income Family income refers to the total amount of earnings reported by related family members during a specified time period. Income includes not only wages and salary, but other funds such as child support, interest, or Social Security.

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Family Income In 2006, median family income was $59,894. –Married couple households earned more ($69,716), followed by single-parent father headed households ($47,078), and single-parent mother headed households ($31,818). Family incomes differ dramatically by gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, and employment status.

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Demographic Changes in the Family (All of the following have increased since 1960) Labor Force Participation by Females Employment of Married Women with Children Smaller Households Numbers of Single Persons Age at First Marriage Divorce Rates Interracial Couples Cohabiting Couples Number of Childless Women Single Parent Households Births to Unmarried Women Life Expectancy Number of Persons Living Alone

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary U.S. Families and Other Social Institutions To understand contemporary families, it is important to consider the links between families and other institutions. These include: –Politics –Community –Economy –Education –Religion –Mass Media

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Politics The state (political system) establishes policies and laws that are enforced by agencies of government. The state regulates family, as well as supporting families through social welfare programs.

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Areas of Family Regulation Definitions of Marriage and Family Family Rights and Responsibilities Welfare Benefits Immigration Military/International Conflict

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Types of Welfare States 1. Social Democratic provides benefits based on citizenship alone; everyone is eligible. 2. Conservative views families as providers of support; benefits linked to labor force participation. 3. Liberal places responsibility for family support on a free-market system; benefits are means tested.

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Types of Communities Rural Non-Metro (Suburban) Metro (Urban)

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Toennies Typology Gemeinschaft—Societies based on agricultural production; relationships are primary and communal. Gesellschaft—Societies based on industrial production; relationships are less communal and decisions based on individual need.

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rural Versus Urban Families In rural communities: –Family is a central institution –Families exhibit high levels of involvement in all institutions –Families are more conservative –Family norms are stronger –There is more interdependence –Families are more satisfied

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Economy The economy is the social system concerned with the creation, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The economic system influences family organization and interaction.

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Economy/Family Interaction Determines economic resources Family/workplace interfaces create “spillover” Work involvement affects family life Increasing female labor force participation

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education Families and educational systems tend to supplement one another in teaching cultural values, norms and skills. Success in one area is linked to success in the other. Quality of family life and the resources of parents can enhance the educational outcomes of their children. Education creates human, economic, social, and cultural capital.

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Capital Capital refers to accumulated goods or resources that can be used to satisfy human needs. –Economic Capital—accumulated economic resources –Human Capital—skills and abilities –Social Capital—networks of social relationships –Cultural Capital—cultural experiences and knowledge

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion Religion and familism have a reciprocal relationship, with each affecting the other. Differences in behavior are linked more closely to intensity of religious participation than to denomination.

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious and non-Religious Families Differ in Terms of: Beliefs Practices and expressions of faith Presence of religious community

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dimensions of Religiosity Cognitive—strength of beliefs and orthodoxy Affective—emotional attachment to one’s religious identity Behavioral—enactment of beliefs and rituals; participation

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mass Media The Mass Media Includes: –Newspapers –Magazines –Television –Radio –Films –Computers –The Internet The mass media creates stereotypes by depicting groups as not only different, but unequal.

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues and Changes in U.S. Families Meanings of marriage and family Family functions Same sex marriage and parenthood Marital and gender role differentiation