1. The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. I. Tale of Two Wars Myth, History and the Greek Mind

3. A. The Anger of Achilles Achaeans (Greeks)

4. B. Nike!

5. Heroes and History Archaic Period - “heroic individualism” - acceptance of Fate The Iliad & The Odyssey Homer ca. 800-700 BCE

6. Marathon, 490 BCE v. Darius I Thermopylae, 480 BCE v. Xerxes Salamis, 480 BCE Platea, 479 BCE

7. Herodotus the “Father of History” - continuity - freedom - interest in other cultures - hubris History without myth - human actors, motivations

8. The Lust for Life Odysseus and Achilles Odysseus and Achilles I would rather be a paid servant in a poor man's house and be above ground than king of kings among the dead. Humanism

9. II. Epochs Bronze Age pre 1200 BCE MycenaeansMinoans

10. Greek Dark Ages 1200-800 BCE

11. A. Archaic Environment & Culture Crossroads of civilization Necessity and invention

12. Ionian philosophy 1.Rationalism - nature composed of elements - universe was not random (laws) - gods in-active

13. 2. Thales of Miletus ca. 600 BCE Change v. permanence materialism

14. The Polis - abstract; artificial “The state…aims at the highest good.” - Aristotle

15. Hoplite Culture 1. Citizen-soldiers phalanxEnfranchisementEgalitarianPatrioticPatriarchal Athenian hoplite Athenian hoplite

16. Tyranny - anti-king, law-givers - anti-king, law-givers - merit v. heredity

17. Cultural life Centrality of human existence to arts Discobulus by Myron 400s BCE Discobulus by Myron 400s BCE

18. II. Hellenic Powers Sparta and Athens

19. A. Sparta 1.Conquest, class and conflict 600s BCE helots

20. 2. Reforms of Lycurgus ca. 600 BCE “eunomia” - state support kleros

21. 3. Service to the state - mentors Delayed citizenship Xenophobia 4. “Liberated” women

22. C. Athens

23. 1. Draco 620 BCE - written codes 2. Along came Solon 594 BCE wealth corrupted men Militarism cowed men Economic reforms

24. 3. Cleisthenes 508 BCE - political reform - demos → “the people”

25. III. The Hellenic Achievement Classical Age, 500-323 BCE

26. A. The Persian Wars 1.Miletan Revolt 499 BCE [ Cyrus the Great d. 530 BCE] - Darius I d. 485

27. 2. Battle of Marathon 490 BCE

28. 3. Greek unity - Thermopylae 480 BCE Leonidas - Salamis 479 BCE Themistocles Conclusion? - Go Greek

29. B. Athens’ Advance 1.Pericles 495-421 BCE - links freedom to expansion

30. C. Limits of democracy 1.The Delian League 477 BCE - prosperity / slavery rise

31. 2. Women and public life - heirs v. wives Aspasia, a hetaira Aspasia, a hetaira Teaching a woman to read and write? Like feeding a vile snake on more poison - Menander the Athenian

32. D. Peloponnesian War 431-404 BCE 1. War on land and sea

33. 2. War and democracy - demagoguery - impatience - slave revolt Alcibiades Alcibiades

34. 3. Defeat of Athens - Greece vulnerable to conquest - dramatic reassessment of human nature, politics

35. IV. Age of Introspection The heights of Classical thought *from external to internal philosophy*

36. A. Philosophy 1.The Sophists - radical skepticism / relativism Man is the measure of all things - Protagorus

37. 2. Socrates 469-399 BCE - Socratic Method dialogue or dialectic - knowledge (virtue) developed from within - knowledge (virtue) developed from within Challenge all popular beliefs

38. 3. Plato 429-347 BCE The Republic - why did Athenian democracy fail? - Allegory of the Cave - Allegory of the Cave

39. B. The Humanities 1. Drama - focus on human dilemmas “reality” Sophocles Oedipus Rex and Antigone

40. 2. History - Herodotus - Herodotus “lesson,” or thesis - Thucydides objective, investigative

41. VII. The Hellenistic Period

42. A. Macedonians 1. Philip II d. 336 BCE - Hellenization - showdown with Persia

43. B. Alexander 1.War & legitimacy - Calisthenes - Granikos River 334; Gaugamela, 331 - Granikos River 334; Gaugamela, 331

44. 2. Alexandrian empire 336-323 BCE

45. C. The Hellenistic Environment 1. Division

46. 2. Cultural fusion - migration - koine “common Greek” 3. Decline of the polis

47. D. Hellenistic philosophy 1. Aristotle 384-322 BCE - empirical data, careful observation - empirical data, careful observation - minimize errors of senses - minimize errors of senses - another early basis of scientific method - another early basis of scientific method

48. 2. Anti-Aristotle Zeno - Stoicism Epicurus - purpose is pleasure Diogenes - Cynicism

49. Hellenistic Legacy 1. Language of the ancient world 2. Western “achievement” not confined to Greeks 3. Accelerated the rise of Rome