1. Heritage of Greece and Rome Pages 644 to 650

2. Greece Greece Rugged terrain made travel & communication difficult City-States: large towns w/ own governments (controls the surrounding countryside) Prized freedom & resisted outside interference

3. continued At the center of each city-state was an acropolis: hilltop fortress. Public life centered around the acropolis

4. Greek Ideas About Government At first, city-states had a monarch, or king rule. Then aristocracies, or government by a small, privileged upper class, took over. Our ideas about democracy came from early Greek traditions.

5. continued By 450 B.C. Athens developed a direct democracy- all citizens participate in government directly, rather than through elected officials. Pericles (great leader) advanced ideas about democracy.

6. Pericles All citizens equal before the law Each citizen has a right and duty to participate in government Athenian democracy was limited- only free men born in Athens could participate in gov’t

7. The Search for Truth Greek philosophers felt this was their duty Questioned gods and goddesses control of nature Found natural forces, not evil, caused diseases

8. Socrates (470 B.C. to 399 B.C.) Socratic Method- Question & answer technique that forces the examination of beliefs & disposal of any belief that could not be proven through reason Put to death b/c he was seen as corrupting the minds of the youth- He argued he was a friend of the truth

9. Plato Wrote The Republic- describes ideal government based on justice for all Rejected democracy b/c it condemned Socrates to death Said philosophers should rule as kings, workers produce food, and soldiers protect the state

10. Aristotle Sought truth from experience Gather evidence from the real world and then use reason to determine truth Created a system of reason known as logic Urged for moral behavior and moderation

11. The Hellenistic World Greek city-states were constantly at war with each other. Phillip of Macedonia (an outsider) gained control of the city- states.

12. Alexander the Great Phillip’s son Took over and expanded his empire Spread Greek culture & Aristotle’s teachings to all of the lands he conquered Lasting effects on European and Asian cultures- his rich, new culture know as Hellenistic: blended Greek culture with Egypt’s and cultures of the Middle East

14. Heritage of Rome

15. Growth of Rome In 509 B.C. Rome set up a republic- citizens who have the right to vote choose their leaders A senate and an assembly made laws

16. Patricians- wealthy landowners, controlled the gov’t at first Plebeians- common people, had no voice in gov’t. They could vote, but could not hold office

17. Roman Expansion Emphasized duty, sacrifice, and patriotism Developed strong, swift army that conquered all of Italy, North Africa, Spain, and Greece. Expansion led to social and economic problems. To restore order, military leaders ruled.

18. Julius Caesar Most brilliant and powerful leader Conquered many European lands for Rome Killed in 44 B.C. b/c people were afraid he was too powerful His death marked the end of the Roman Republic His son, Octavian, declared himself emperor and renamed himself Augustus Caesar

19. Roman Civilization Pax Romana- (Roman Peace) first 200 years of Roman Empire Developed a legal system to meet the needs of the diverse people they ruled Everyone equal before the law Innocent until proven guilty

20. Decline of Rome Several reasons 1. 1. Frequent civil war- leaders competing for throne 2. 2. Fighting disrupted trade, weakened the economy 3. 3. Outside invasions 4. 4. Failed attempts at reform