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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u A. Introduction Practical Questions u B. The Planet Earth & Earth Systems u C. Survey of Planet Earth’s Atmosphere u D. Weather & Climate Elements u E. Probing the Atmosphere
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2 Announcements u Sign-up –Class list –Official registration –Course Syllabus F NOTE Change Wed. to Fri. 21 Dec. on back –Honors Students u Class Note-taker for McBurney Center
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3 Announcements u Sign-up –Class list –Official registration –Course Syllabus
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE u A. INTRODUCTION: Practical Questions – What constitutes the atmosphere? – What can we learn about the atmosphere? – Why do we want to know about it?
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5 Earth-rise over Moon Apollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSC
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6
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7 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u A. Introduction Practical Questions u B. The Planet Earth & Earth Systems
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8 B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS u Uniqueness of Planet Earth – Water Planet – The planet with life u Subsystems or Components of Planet Earth System – Lithosphere (Geosphere) – Atmosphere – Hydrosphere – Cryosphere – Biosphere (& Anthrosphere)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9 B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS u Uniqueness of Planet Earth – Water Planet – The planet with life
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 10 Components of Planet Earth System NASA Apollo 17 (Dec 1972) ATMOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE (Geosphere) HYDROSPHERE CRYOSPHERE BIOSPHERE (& ANTHROSPHERE)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 11 From Geog. 101 UW-Stevens Point Interactions within System – Weathering – Hydrological cycle
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 12 C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE u Importance of Earth's atmosphere – Moderates temperature of planet; – Shields life from harsh space environment; – Provides life with water, oxygen, etc. u Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere – About 100 km (62 mi) thick; – Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi) earth radius; but....
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VERTICAL VARIATION in ATMOSPHERIC DENSITIES [Source U.S. Std. Atmosphere, 1976]
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 14 100 km
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 15 SUNRISE FROM SPACE From STS-47 (JSC-NASA)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 16 C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (con’t) u Importance of Earth's atmosphere u Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere u Comparison with other components of Earth System
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 17 ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH SYSTEM COMPONENTS [Source: J.Y. Wang, 1975]
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 18 D. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTS u What we need to Know – Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion of Atmosphere at a given time. u Observed Weather-Climate Elements From pages 7 & 8 of text: From pages 7 & 8 of text: – AIR PRESSURE – AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. & Min Temps) – ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY (Rel. Humidity & Dewpoint) – PRECIPITATION (24-hr totals) – CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT (Sky Cover) – WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION)
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MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER u Sky/Weather LGT RAIN u Temperature 69 u Dew Point 65 u Relative Humidity 86% u Wind S9 u Pressure 1010.5 mb
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 20 E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE u Surface vs. Aloft – Locations – Problems – Need for standardized & synchronous observations u Surface Weather Station – Human observer, – Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges, wind instruments, etc.
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 21 Traditional Surface Weather Station (See Fig. 2.8, Moran (2002))
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 22 Automated Weather Station (ASOS) (See Fig. 2.7, Moran (2002))
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 23 NWS & FAA Automatic Weather Stations
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 24 Automated Weather Buoy
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 25 First Order Stations & Cooperative Observer Network (National Climate Data Center, 2001)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 26 Locations of NWS Forecast Offices Fig. 2.6 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 27 E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u Weather Aloft: Other Observation Tools/Platforms – Need for F Rugged instruments F Remote sensing
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 28 Manned Balloons (18 th & 19 th Centuries)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 29 Weather Kites (ca. 1894)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 30 Aircraft Weather Observations (ca. 1934)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 31 Radiosonde
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32 Inflation of a radiosonde balloon See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 33 Radiosonde prepared for launch See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 34 Radiosonde (con’t.) See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 35 Radiosonde launched See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 36 Radiosonde (con’t.)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 37 Radiosonde (Moran & OLWS)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 38 Computer display of sounding at NWS Office See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 39 RADIOSONDE LOCATIONS See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 40 NWS Upper Air Network See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002) GCOS = Global Climate Observing System
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 41 Stratospheric Balloons
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 42 Meteorological Rockets (Rocketsondes)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 43 Weather Radar See Pg. 157-160 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 44 Principles of Weather Radar (in reflectivity mode)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 45 Weather Radar (con’t.)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 46 Weather Radar (con’t.)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 47 NWS Radome See Fig. 7.19 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 48 Radar Display Console From J.M. Moran & WES Project of AMS
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 49 Radar Display in Reflectivity Mode
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 50 Principles of Weather Radar (in velocity or Doppler mode) See Fig. 7.21, Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 51 Radar Display in Doppler Mode Van Wert, OH tornado 10 Nov 2002 from Ft. Wayne, IN NWS Doppler Radar
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 52 NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES (See also Fig. 2.6, Moran (2002))
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 53 Current NWS Radar Reflectivity
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 54 Composite National Radar Image See Fig. 1.11 – Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 55 Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 56 See Fig. 1.6 – Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 57 Early GOES Satellite
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 58 Geosynchronous Satellite Imaging Field of View
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 59 ATS-III in 1968
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 60 Recent GOES Satellite
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 61 GOES-11 in 2000
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 62 Nighttime lights from DMSP Satellites
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 63 Visible vs. IR Images
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 64 Current Visible Satellite Image See Fig. 1.8 – Moran (2002) White = Reflective Clouds Dark = Night Dark = Low reflection oceans
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 65 Current Infrared Satellite Image White = Cold Clouds See Fig. 1.9 – Moran (2002) Dark = Warm Surface
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 66 Current Water Vapor Satellite Image White = Moist, rising air & Clouds See Fig. 1.10 – Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 67 Man Computer Data Acquisition System (McIDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 68 See Fig. 1.7 – Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 69
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70 TIROS in 1960s
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 71 TIROS I (1960) vs. NOAA 15 (2000)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 72 Polar Orbiting (POES) Satellite NOAA-M Summer 2002 GFSC-NASA
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 73 Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 74 MODIS in 2000 (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 75 MODIS
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76 Wind Profiler (FSL) See Pg. 186 Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 77 Wind Profiler Network (FSL)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 78 Wind Profiler Network (FSL)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 79 Current Wind Profile at Blue River, WI
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 80 F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER: THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP u Meaning of synoptic weather analysis – synoptic: “syn” = same + “optic” = to see u Goal of synoptic weather analysis u Requirements for synoptic weather analysis – Same time of observation – Uniform instruments & observation techniques
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 81 MAP of TIME ZONES ( from U.S. Naval Observatory, 1996) See pg. 14, Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 82 F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.) u Historical perspective – First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm; – Early U.S. Weather maps in 1870’s.
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 83 Surface weather map Sep. 1872
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 84 NWS Surface weather map June 2004
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 85 F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.) u Interpretation of modern surface weather maps where...
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 86 Sample Modern Weather Map Figure 1.3, Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 87 ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F F Pressure systems – –Isobars (“iso” + “bar”) – –Highs & Lows F F Winds – –Circulation around Highs & Lows – –The “Hand-twist Model”
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 88 Map View of Flow around High Pressure Fig. 1.3A, Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 89 Air Converging Aloft See Fig. 8.20, Moran (2002) H
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 90 Map View of Flow around Low Pressure Fig. 1.3B, Moran (2002)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 91 Air Diverging Aloft Fig. 8.21, Moran (2002) L
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 92 ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP Pressure systems F F Winds F F Clouds Mainly around lows F F Temperature Patterns – –Isotherms (“iso” + “therms”) F F Fronts – –Cold fronts, warm fronts & stationary fronts
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 93 Warm Front
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 94 Cold Front
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 95 Stationary Fronts
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 96 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 97 Current Visible Satellite Image Reflective Clouds
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 98 Current Temperatures ( ° F) & Isotherms (“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 99 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 100 Rule of Thumb! Weather Systems move: u From West to East in midlatitudes but … u From East to West in tropics
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 101 Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 102 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar Isobars
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 103 Tomorrow AM Forecast Map
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 104 Track of Hurricane Erin
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 105
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106 QUIZ!!! u Which way does the wind circulate around a high pressure center? u And around a Low? u Answers….
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