1. Data and Computer Communications Eighth Edition by William Stallings Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown Chapter 10 – Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

2. Circuit Switching and Packet Switching He got into a District Line train at Wimbledon Park, changed on to the Victoria Line at Victoria and on to the Jubilee Line at Green Park for West Hampstead. It was a long and awkward journey but he enjoyed it. —King Solomon's Carpet, Barbara Vine (Ruth Rendell)

3. Switched Network

4. Nodes  a collection of nodes and connections is a communications network  nodes may connect to other nodes only, or to stations and other nodes  network is usually partially connected some redundant connections are desirable some redundant connections are desirable  have two different switching technologies circuit switching circuit switching packet switching packet switching

5. Circuit Switching  uses a dedicated path between two stations  has three phases establish establish transfer transfer disconnect disconnect  inefficient channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection if no data, capacity wasted if no data, capacity wasted  set up (connection) takes time  once connected, transfer is transparent

6. Public Circuit Switched Network

7. Circuit Establishment

8. Circuit Switch Elements

9. Blocking or Non-blocking  blocking network may be unable to connect stations because all paths are in use may be unable to connect stations because all paths are in use used on voice systems used on voice systems  non-blocking network permits all stations to connect at once permits all stations to connect at once used for some data connections used for some data connections

10. Space Division Switch

11. 3 Stage Space Division Switch

12. E.g. Banyan Switch (ATM) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 100 011 0101

13. Time Division Switching  modern digital systems use intelligent control of space & time division elements  use digital time division techniques to set up and maintain virtual circuits  partition low speed bit stream into pieces that share higher speed stream  individual pieces manipulated by control logic to flow from input to output

14. Time-division Switching

15. Time-division Switching (cont)  Control of a TDM bus switch 1 2 3 4 5 6 X X X X X X 1  3 2  5 4  6 3  1 5  2 6  4 Control logic Control memory

16. Traditional Circuit Switching

17. Softswitch

18. Packet Switching  circuit switching was designed for voice  packet switching was designed for data  transmitted in small packets  packets contains user data and control info user data may be part of a larger message user data may be part of a larger message control info includes routing (addressing) info control info includes routing (addressing) info  packets are received, stored briefly (buffered) and past on to the next node

19. Packet Switching

20. Advantages  line efficiency single link shared by many packets over time single link shared by many packets over time packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible  data rate conversion stations connects to local node at own speed stations connects to local node at own speed nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates  packets accepted even when network is busy  priorities can be used

21. Switching Techniques  station breaks long message into packets  packets sent one at a time to the network  packets can be handled in two ways datagram datagram virtual circuit virtual circuit

22. Datagram Diagram

23. Virtual Circuit Diagram

24. Virtual Circuits vs. Datagram  virtual circuits network can provide sequencing and error control network can provide sequencing and error control packets are forwarded more quickly packets are forwarded more quickly less reliable less reliable  datagram no call setup phase no call setup phase more flexible more flexible more reliable more reliable

25. Packet Size

26. Circuit vs. Packet Switching  Table 10.1  performance depends on various delays propagation delay propagation delay transmission time transmission time node delay node delay  range of other characteristics, including: transparency transparency amount of overhead amount of overhead

27. Event Timing

28. Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN)  ISDN, set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network.

29. X.25  ITU-T standard for interface between host and packet switched network  almost universal on packet switched networks and packet switching in ISDN  defines three layers Physical Physical Link Link Packet Packet

30. X.25 - Physical  interface between station node link  two ends are distinct Data Terminal Equipment DTE (user equipment) Data Terminal Equipment DTE (user equipment) Data Circuit-terminating Equipment DCE (node) Data Circuit-terminating Equipment DCE (node)  physical layer specification is X.21  can substitute alternative such as EIA-232

31. X.25 - Link  Link Access Protocol Balanced (LAPB)  provides reliable transfer of data over link  sending as a sequence of frames zsynchronous transmission of frames zsingle frame format used

32. X.25 - Packet  provides a logical connections (virtual circuit) between subscribers  all data in this connection form a single stream between the end stations  established on demand  termed external virtual circuits

33. X.25 - Packet  A connection between two devices that acts as though it's a direct connection even though it may physically be circuitous. The term is used most frequently to describe connections between two hosts in a packet- switching network. In this case, the two hosts can communicate as though they have a dedicated connection even though the packets might actually travel very different routes before arriving at their destination. An X.25 connection is an example of a virtual circuit.

34. X.25 Use of Virtual Circuits

35. User Data and X.25 Protocol Control Information

36. Issues with X.25  key features include: call control packets, used for setting up and clearing virtual circuits, are carried on the same channel and same virtual circuit as data packets. in band signaling call control packets, used for setting up and clearing virtual circuits, are carried on the same channel and same virtual circuit as data packets. in band signaling multiplexing of virtual circuits at layer 3 multiplexing of virtual circuits at layer 3 layers 2 and 3 include flow and error control layers 2 and 3 include flow and error control

37. Issues with X.25  hence have considerable overhead At each hop through the network, the data link control protocol involves the exchange of a data frame and an acknowledgment frame. At each hop through the network, the data link control protocol involves the exchange of a data frame and an acknowledgment frame. at each intermediate node, state tables must be maintained for each virtual circuit to deal with the call management and flow control/error control aspects of the X.25 protocol at each intermediate node, state tables must be maintained for each virtual circuit to deal with the call management and flow control/error control aspects of the X.25 protocol  not appropriate for modern digital systems with high reliability

38. Frame Relay  Designed to eliminate most X.25 overhead Reliable links, High data rates Reliable links, High data rates  has large installed base  key differences: call control carried in separate logical connection call control carried in separate logical connection multiplexing and switching of logical connections at layer 2 multiplexing and switching of logical connections at layer 2 no hop by hop error or flow control no hop by hop error or flow control hence end to end flow and error control (if used) are done by higher layer hence end to end flow and error control (if used) are done by higher layer  a single user data frame is sent from source to destination and higher layer ACK sent back

39. Advantages and Disadvantages  Dis of frame relay lost link by link error and flow control lost link by link error and flow control  Due to increasing reliability of transmission and switching facilities, less an issue  streamlined communications process protocol functionality required at the user-network interface is reduced protocol functionality required at the user-network interface is reduced lower delay lower delay higher throughput higher throughput  frame relay can be used for access speeds up to and over 2Mbps

40. Protocol Architecture C-plane protocols are between a subscriber and the network, while U-plane protocols provide end-to-end functionality.

41. LAPF Functionality  LAPF (Link Access Procedure for Frame Mode Bearer Services) defined in Q.922  only core functionality used: frame delimiting, alignment and transparency frame delimiting, alignment and transparency frame mux and demux using addressing field frame mux and demux using addressing field ensure frame is integral number of octets ensure frame is integral number of octets ensure frame is neither too long nor short ensure frame is neither too long nor short detection of transmission errors detection of transmission errors congestion control functions congestion control functions

42. LAPF Functionality  form a sublayer of the data link layer. service of transferring data link frames from one subscriber to another, service of transferring data link frames from one subscriber to another, with no flow control or error control. with no flow control or error control. above this, the user may choose to select additional data link or network-layer end-to-end functions. These are not part of the frame relay service. above this, the user may choose to select additional data link or network-layer end-to-end functions. These are not part of the frame relay service.  A network offers frame relay as a connection- oriented link layer service with the following properties: Preservation of the order of frame transfer from one edge of the network to the other Preservation of the order of frame transfer from one edge of the network to the other A small probability of frame loss A small probability of frame loss

43. Frame Relay Data Link Connections  logical connection between subscribers  data transferred over them  not protected by flow or error control (diff X.25)  uses separate connection for call control (diff X.25)  overall results in significantly less work in network User data are transmitted in frames with virtually no processing by the intermediate network nodes, User data are transmitted in frames with virtually no processing by the intermediate network nodes, check for errors and to route based on connection number. check for errors and to route based on connection number. A frame in error is simply discarded, leaving error recovery to higher layers. A frame in error is simply discarded, leaving error recovery to higher layers.

44. User Data Transfer  only have one frame type which carries user data carries user data  no control frames means no inband signaling no inband signaling no sequence numbers no sequence numbers  flag and FCS function as in HDLC  address field carries DLCI  DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) has local significance only

45. Summary  circuit verses packet switching network approaches  X.25  frame relay