1. NOTES: Venus 0.95 DEarth Surface Temp. = 900 OF, Greenhouse effect. Atm. Pressure = 90 x Earth's 1.Atmosphere: 96% CO2, 3.5% Nitrogen. Clouds of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, sulfur, indicating live volcanism? 2. Rotation: siderial--243 days, solar–117 days. 3. Surface Features: 27% Lowlands, 65% rolling plains, 8% highlands. Cones, faults, craters, multiple lava flows. A. Ishtar Terra--US sized lava-filled basin--highlands B. Maxwell Montez--Everest's height--100 km Diam. Cleopatra, crater on it's flank. C. White magnetite (?) above 2.5 km. D. Surface--young to 800 million years--crater cycle. E. Surface too cracked to form plates, but molten core distorts surface with mantle convective flow. F. Atmosphere rotates much faster than surface creating wind features--impact ejected to west, streaks near ridges. G. 100,000 small 'shield' volcanos--clusters due to hot spots, volcanic material near surface. No plumes show--high pressure. H. Lava Channels--one 7,000 (!) Km long I. Calderas over 100 km in diameter. 4. Visiting Spacecraft: 1962-1975-Three Mariners (USA) rudimentary mapping. 1962--Venera--Soviet surface landing. 1989-90--Magellan (USA)--accurate radar maps.

2. As the morning star (rising before sun, and Goddess of love.

3. Venus transit 2004 (conjunct sun)

4. Venus 0.95 Diam earth Surface Temp. = 900 O F, Greenhouse effect. Atm. Pressure = 90 x Earth's Radar map In UV

5. Atmosphere: 96% CO 2, 3.5% Nitrogen. Clouds of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, sulfur, indicating live volcanism?

6. Rotation: sidereal day--243 Earth days, solar day–117 days.

7. 3. Surface Features: 27% Lowlands, 65% rolling plains, 8% highlands. No oceans—way too hot! Cones, faults, craters, multiple lava flows. A. Ishtar Terra--US sized lava-filled basin—highlands— lower right. B. Aphrodite—reflective volcanic cones--top.

8. Carl Sagan realized Venus was warmed by what he called a ‘greenhouse effect’— almost all carbon dioxide atmosphere  very hot.

9. B. Maxwell Montez--Everest's height--100 km Diam. Cleopatra, crater on it's flank

10. Reflective magnetite on volcanic peaks above 2.5 km.

11. Surface--young to 800 million years--crater cycle. Every few million years, Venus may blow her top.

12. Atmosphere rotates much faster than surface creating wind features--impact ejected to west, streaks near ridges.

13. 100,000 small 'shield' volcanos--clusters due to hot spots, volcanic material near surface. No plumes show --high pressure

14. Lava Channels--one 7,000 (!) km Calderas over 100 km in diameter.

15. Visiting Spacecraft: 1962--Venera--Soviet surface landing. 1962-1975-Three Mariners (USA) rudimentary mapping. 2005  now—Venus Express (Europe).

16. 1989-90--Magellan (USA)--accurate radar maps.

17. Venus Express—2005-now. Orbiter put up by European Space Agency (ESA). Attempt to learn details of Venus’ atmosphere and movement, unveil current volcanism and cause of super-rotation – the 'mismatch' in rotation speeds between the cloud tops and the planet surface.