1. Income Generation Laura Beduz, Louisa Evans, Gustavo Grandal Montero, Sarah Perry, Catherine Sharp

2. Introduction  Reasons for charging  History  Chargeable services  The future of income generation  Planning and surrounding issues  Conclusion

3. Reasons for Charging  Cover costs  Allowing additional services  Profit  Deterrent (fines, ILLs, printing)

4. History 1  1950s & 1960s: public libraries  overdue charges  postage for book reservations  non-residents & non-affiliated (& academic)  1970s: fees for online databases (per enquiry)  1980s: new services - multimedia  journal subscriptions regular

5. History 2  1980s onwards: information as commodity  Fee-based information services  Move from nominal to market pricing  Political difficulties: charging for NEW services, not those previously free

6. Chargeable Services v Basic  Basic free (legal obligations)  What is ‘basic’?  Categories of chargeable services: regulatory (punitive): fines, lost books special services SLAs

7. Chargeable Services: cost recovery  Photocopying  Printing  Audio/visual loans  Book loans (academic, for external members)  Reference access  Reservations & ILLs  Withdrawn stock  Enquiries

8. ‘Commercial’ Services  Room hire  Publications  Professions (solicitors etc), business, industry  Research (time defined)  Bibliographic: course materials etc

9. Exploiting Collections  Digitising collections  Images, art, journals, books  Methods: sell content online subscriptions advertising; links sponsorship; ‘adopt a book’ schemes

10. ‘Adopt a book’

11. Planning  Assessing need for services  Assessing willingness to pay  Resources & skills available; staff training  Realistic forecasts; business plans  Market research  Relationship with users  IP rights  Reputation & purpose of organisation  Duty of care to items; inappropriate use  Systems & setup costs

12. Pricing  Objectives?  Average-cost  Price discrimination  Usage  Concessions (avoiding discrimination)?  Service Level Agreements (SLAs)  Consistency and openness

13. Price discrimination

14. Transparency

15. Conclusion  Charging increasingly important issue  Not ‘do we charge’ but ‘how do we charge’?  Service, not income, should be priority