1. Brucellosis 100 to 200 cases occur each year in US Worldwide distribution More common in countries without good standardized and effective public health and domestic animal health programs High risk areas: Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa, South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Middle East

2. Brucellosis abortions, infertility, and lowered milk production 1952 annual cost $400 M < $1 M today 1956 – 124,000 infected herds in US 1992 – 700 herds 2000 – 6 herds Undulant fever in humans (flu-like symptoms, months to yrs) Since 2002, 48 states brucellosis-free status

3. Brucellosis bison and elk in GYA Maintain free-ranging bison and prevent exposure to cattle 1934 Brucellosis Eradication Program for bison in YNP, include border control program Until 1988, few bison left YNP

4. Brucellosis 1996-97 bison herd at record levels Harsh winter 1,079 bison that left YNP were shot 1,300 bison in YNP starved >50% of bison herd (+)

5. Brucellosis Wind Cave NP and Custer State Park, SD Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge, OK UV-B and temp important in determining how long Brucella viable in fetal tissue 3 days (late spring) to 78 days (mid-winter) Fetuses scavenged, avg 15 days

6. Brucellosis Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee (GYIBC) = NPS, USFWS, USGS, USFS, USDA APHIS, Idaho, Montana Wyoming Developed Interagency Bison Management Plan (IBMP) to further the goals and objectives of the GYIBC. Agree on core principles: –Conservation of viable wild and free-ranging elk and bison herds in the GYA –Maintenance of a viable livestock industry in the GYA Commitment to the eventual elimination of brucellosis from bison and other wildlife.

7. Brucellosis Hazing efforts, capture testing and relocation, lethal removal RB51 vaccine

8. Bovine TB in MN Since 2005, 11 cattle farms Since fall 2007, 21 wild deer (+); within 5 mi.

9. Bovine TB in MN Fall 2006: Ban on rec. feeding in 4,000 mi 2 area 2006-07: aerial survey = 900+ deer in core area; 29 illegal bait sites Feb 2007, contract with APHIS-WS = sharpshooting in core area Removed 488 deer (6+) Fall 2007, new deer permit area created for TB zone 1,166 deer harvested (4+) Prevalence estimated at 0.37% Jan 2008 aerial survey = 800+ deer in core area

10. Bovine TB in Manitoba Since 1991, Manitoba 40 elk and 8 white-tailed deer have tested positive for bovine tuberculosis in the Riding Mountain area.

11. Bovine TB UK Badgers (Meles meles) and cattle

12. Bovine TB New Zealand Brush tail possum

13. Bovine TB in MI History of bovine TB in Michigan cattle Bovine TB into wild deer herd; reservoir for reinfection of cattle 1975 TB + deer, Alcona Co. 1994 TB + deer, Alpena Co. Triggers testing of deer

14. Bovine TB in MI Michigan Bovine TB Eradication Project Multi-agency team of experts from the MDA, DNR, DCH, MSU, USDA

15. Bovine TB in MI Surveys of deer pop. Testing of harvested deer Ban baiting Reduce interactions with cattle (conc. feed) Testing of cattle herds, depopulate if +

16. Bovine TB in MI Coyotes as sentinels 58 of 175 coyotes tested positive Prevalence by county ranged from 19% to 52% (mean 33%, SE 0.07) Prevalence in deer (n = 3,817) was lower (i.e., 1.49% Focus on coyotes rather than deer, sampled 97% fewer individuals and increased the likelihood of detecting M. bovis by 40%. Sentinel coyote surveys have the potential to be practical indicators of M. bovis presence in wildlife and livestock. VerCauteren et al. 2008