1. Near-Field Nonuniformities in Angularly-Multiplexed KrF Lasers: The Problem and Possible Solutions R.H. Lehmberg and Y. Chan Plasma Physics Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375 Induced Spatial Incoherence (ISI) is an effective technique for achieving the high degree of spatial illumination uniformity required for direct-drive fusion. Although ISI provides ultrasmooth illumination at the far-field of the laser, where the target is located, it may still allow the beams to develop significant time-averaged spatial nonuniformities in the quasi near-field. This structure, which arises primarily from random phase distortion and Fresnel diffraction, develops as the KrF beams propagate away from the pupil plane images located at the amplifiers; it is distinct from structure imposed by amplifier gain nonuniformities. Because of the spatial incoherence of ISI beams, the time-integrated structure is significantly smaller than that experienced by coherent beams. Nevertheless, it remains a potential optical damage issue, especially in the long delay paths required for large angularly-multiplexed KrF lasers. This presentation compares simulations and measurements of quasi near-field structure in the Nike KrF laser, and presents simulations showing the options available for controlling the problem in future KrF driver designs. Supported by USDOE.

2. Echelon-free ISI: An incoherent beam is formed at an object aperture in the laser front end, then imaged through the amplifiers onto a direct-drive ICF target. ISI concept, showing image-relayed amplifiers placed near the pupil (Fourier plane) of the object. The instantaneous speckle and smooth time-averaged focal profiles at the far-field are illustrated for the case of a flat-top object envelope. intensity profile of object instantaneous averaged image of the object instantaneous averaged Target at Far-field Amplifiers at Pupil planes Aperture Object Incoherent oscillator Diffuser

3. ISI provides ultrasmooth illumination at the far-field of the laser, but it may still allow significant time-averaged spatial structure in the quasi near-field. This structure is an optical damage issue in the long delay paths required for large angularly-multiplexed KrF lasers. It arises primarily from random phase distortion in the laser system. The structure is negligible within the amplifiers, but develops as the beams propagate downstream to the recollimation and delay optics. Because of ISI, it remains significantly smaller than that of coherent light. Here we compare simulations & measurements of quasi near-field structure in Nike, and explore ways to control the problem in future KrF designs.

4. Simulations of ISI beam structure in the quasi near-field of a KrF laser A ISI optical system at and beyond final amplifier aperture stop A, showing the beam converging down to the recollimating optic C, then propagating along the delay path z CL to final focusing lens L. The target is placed in the far-field E F at the focus of L. E A (E A ’) are complex optical field amplitudes before (after) the complex transmission T A (wavy line), which represents the aperture, nonuniform gain, & random phase aberration in the KrF laser system. CL z AC fLfL z CL DADA DCDC EAEA E/AE/A ECEC ELEL EFEF TATA E / A (x A,t) = T A (x A )E A (x A,t)

5. Simulation of ISI propagation beyond the Nike 60 cm amp Issue: Phase aberration and hard-aperture diffraction can introduce uncontrollable spatial nonuniformities in the average intensity at the laser near-field, even with ISI. Two Approaches for Calculating Average Intensities: A. Summation of independent statistical realizations of instantaneous intensities (Slow): 1. Choose a 2D Gaussian-distributed random complex array to model the instantaneous optical field amplitude E O (x O,t) at the front-end object plane. 2. Using FFT techniques, propagate the amplitude through the collimating lens and 60 cm aperture (whose complex transmission includes phase aberration), then to near or far field planes of interest. Instantaneous Intensity =   (x,t) = |E(x,t)| 2 3. Repeat this procedure with multiple new statistical realizations and accumulate the intensities to obtain the time-average intensity  (x)  T B. Direct calculation of ensemble-average intensity envelope  (x)  by FFT (Fast): 1. From the object plane envelope, use FFT techniques to calculate the optical autocorrelation function just before the 60 cm aperture. 2. Multiply by the complex transmission and propagate the resulting autocorrelation function to the chosen near (or far) field plane to obtain the intensity envelope.

6. Direct Calculation of Intensity Envelopes (Ensemble-Averages)

7. Tests show good agreement between envelope & time-averaged intensities Nike beam 7 with 32 XDL ISI, no phase aberration, average over 8000 t c Object

8. Tests show good agreement between envelope & time-averaged intensities beam 7 with 32 XDL ISI, 7 XDL random phase aberration, average over 8000 t c Object

9. Simulations of Nike with ISI and uniformly illuminated 60 cm amplifier /4 rms gives ~15 XDL width 75 XDL width 60 cm pupil 75 XDL FWHM

10. ISI reduces coherent near-field structure, but does not eliminate it Coherent light ISI light

11. Beam #38 Blue Film Profile Measurements recollimator array target cone 60cm Amp recollimator array target cone focusing lens 53 m 21 m 20 m X-axis (mm) Y-axis (mm)

12. Beam #38 Blue Film Lineout recollimator array target cone X-axis (mm)

13. Simulations show larger & coarser structure farther from the amplifier, in qualitative agreement with the measurements 15 cm

14. The structure can be reduced by reducing the phase aberration Nike beam 38 with 75 XDL ISI, ~8 XDL random phase aberration 15 cm

15. Beam #10 Blue Film Profile Measurements 60cm Amp recollimator array target cone focusing lens 53 m 39 m 37 m recollimator array target cone X-axis (mm) Y-axis (mm)

16. Beam #10 Blue Film Lineout target cone X-axis (mm) recollimator array X-axis (mm)

17. The structure becomes even coarser for beam 10 (longer distance), but the amplitudes appear to saturate, in agreement with measurements 15 cm

18. The structure can be reduced by reducing the phase aberration Nike beam 10 with 75 XDL ISI, ~8 XDL random phase aberration 15 cm

19. The structure can be further reduced by increasing the pathlength Beam 10 with 75 XDL ISI, ~8 XDL random phase aberration, but 2 x collimated path 15 cm

20. Summary Accumulation of random phase aberrations near the 60 cm amplifier creates random fluence nonuniformities at near-field optics downstream (e.g. at the recollimators & focusing lenses), even with ISI beams. We have developed a fast autocorrelation function formalism to calculate this structure, and benchmarked it against a standard propagation code and measurements on the Nike laser. With ISI, the hot spots are significantly weaker than those of coherent beams, but they can still become a damage issue for the turning optics and focusing lenses. Simulations & measurements show that with increasing distance from the amplifier, (a) the scalelengths of the structure increase and (b) the hot spot fluences increase at first, but then appear to saturate and decrease. The problem can be controlled by reducing phase aberration, using longer recollimated beam paths, and/or beam relaying. The far-field (image) envelope remains smooth & controllable in all cases.