1. CONIFERS Pines (Pinus)

2. Abies (Fir)

3. Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir)

4. Picea (Spruce)

5. Juniperus (Juniper)

6. Cupressus (Cypress)

7. Sporophyte

8. Primary Growth: Shoot Apex

9. Primary Growth: Stele

10. Endarch Xylem Development Primary Growth: Xylem

11. (Circular Bordered Pits) Fig. 17-17 in Gifford and Foster 1989 Xylem: Tracheids

12. Xylem: Bordered Pit Pairs Fig. 17-17 in Gifford and Foster 1989

13. Phloem: Sieve Elements = Sieve Cells Fig. 3-18 in Gifford and Foster 1989

14. Leaf Anatomy I

15. Leaves: One Vein versus Two Veins Soft Pines (Pinon Pines, Southwestern White Pine) Hard Pines (Ponderosa Pine,Chihuahua Pine)

16. Leaf Anatomy II

17. Conifer Shoot Secondary Growth

18. Roots

19. Root Primary Growth

20. Root Secondary Growth

21. Megasporogenesis: Megastrobilus (Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)

22. Megasporogenesis Ovule (= Integument + Megasporangum), Megasporocyte (2n) (Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)

23. Fig. 17-28 in Gifford and Foster 1989 Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone I (Lebachia, Ernestiodendron)

24. Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone II (Pseudovoltzia, Voltzia) Fig. 17-29 in Gifford and Foster 1989

25. Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1n)

26. Integument Micropyle Megasporangium Pollen Chamber Functional Megaspore Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1n)

27. Megagametogenesis: Free Nuclear Stage

28. Megagametogenesis: Cellular Stage (with Archegonia)

29. Megagametogenesis: Archegonia 1-6 Archegonia / Gametophyte 1-2 Tiers of Four Neck Cells Egg Cell Covered by Layer of Cells

30. Microsporogenesis (Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)

31. Microsporogenesis (Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)

32. Microsporogenesis (Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)

33. Fig. 23-24 in Bold et al. 1987 Microgametogenesis I (Inside the Microsporangium) Prothallial Cell 1 Prothallial Cell 2 Generative Cell Tube Nucleus

34. Microgametogenesis II (After Pollination) Fig. 23-24 in Bold et al. 1987 Generative Cell (Ultimately, Body Cell and Stalk Cell) Body Cell (Ultimately, Sperm Cells 1 and 2) Stalk Cell

35. Fertilization Fig. 17-37a in Gifford and Foster 2010

36. Early Embryogeny Fig. 17-37 C-G in Gifford and Foster 1989

37. Early Embryogeny

38. Fig. 17-37 H-I in Gifford and Foster 1989 Embryonal Suspensors

39. Fig. 17-37 J in Gifford and Foster 1989 Cleavage Polyembryony

40. Mature Embryo inside Seed Fig. 17-36 in Gifford and Foster 2010

41. Ponderosa Pine Seeds

42. Pine Reproductive Cycle Fig. 17-30 in Gifford and Foster 1989