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2 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 1/46 International Conference on Universal Knowledge and Language (ICUKL2002), Goa, 25-29 November 2002 Christian BOITET & TSAI Wang-Ju GETA, CLIPS, IMAG, Grenoble Christian.Boitet@imag.frChristian.Boitet@imag.fr, Wang-Ju.Tsai@imag.frWang-Ju.Tsai@imag.fr http://www-clips.imag.fr/geta/User/wang-ju.tsai/welcome.html Coedition of texts and UNL graphs to share text revision across languages and improve MT a posteriori

3 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 2/46 Plan Motivation : to achieve quality MT in a multi-source & multi-target environment Why a pivot architecture and why UNL? The prototype under construction : principle : divide the correspondence (graph  text) in 3 parts. interface : necessity of modes, from « naive » to « expert » A problem : computing the 2nd correspondence UNL-tree  morpho-syntactic lattice A « static » demo on one simple sentence

4 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 3/46 Motivation : build multisource & multitarget "quality MT" intrinsic limits of the classic procedure 30 standard pages of 250 words, in hours (trans+rev):  40*n by THum, (12/3+12+12/3)*n = 20 n by THAM (6=,12≈,12≠)  8*n with THAM + MAT-R, and (30/3)*n = 10*n if MAT-R only ==> (30/3)*n = 10 or even (30/2)*n = 15, independently of n ? L0 … L1 L2 Ln P L0 L1 … L2 Ln

5 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 4/46 Basic Idea : to edit the « pivot » indirectly, by editing the text examples of successful « co-edition » Ambassador (old), MULTIMETEO 2 problems:  To build the correspondence abstract stucture  concrete text Without building new and costly resources  To construct a really usable interface

6 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 5/46 Why use UNL as the pivot ? brief reminder UNL is  a project  an artificial langage  a format of a multilingual document the UNL language has unique features even if it is perfectible !

7 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 6/46 Language : a simple UNL graph (a) linear form, read by computer Ronaldo has headed the ball into the left corner of the goal agt(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, Ronaldo(icl>proper noun)) obj(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, goal(icl>thing)) ins(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, head(pof>body).@def) plt(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, corner(icl>thing).@def) pos(corner(icl>thing).@def), goal(icl>thing)) pos(head(pof>body).@def, Ronaldo(icl>proper noun)) mod(corner(icl>thing).@def), left(aoj<thing))

8 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 7/46 Language : a simple UNL graph (b) linear form, with colors Ronaldo has headed the ball into the left corner of the goal agt(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, Ronaldo(icl>proper noun)) obj(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, goal(icl>thing)) ins(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, head(pof>body).@def) plt(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, corner(icl>thing).@def) pos(corner(icl>thing).@def, goal(icl>thing)) pos(head(pof>body).@def, Ronaldo(icl>proper noun)) mod(corner(icl>thing).@def, left(aoj<thing)) Is this UNL graph OK? Let us draw it.

9 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 8/46 Language : a simple UNL graph (c) graphical form ==> Ronaldo has headed the ball into the left corner of it pos score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete obj agt head(pof>body).@def insplt Ronaldo (icl> proper noun) goal(icl>thing) pos mod left(aoj<thing) corner(icl>thing).@def

10 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 9/46 Language : a simple UNL graph (c) graphical form, colored ==> Ronaldo has headed the ball into the left corner of it pos score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete obj agt head(pof>body).@def insplt Ronaldo (icl>proper noun) goal(icl>thing) pos mod left(aoj<thing) corner(icl>thing).@def

11 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 10/46 Language : a simple UNL graph (d) graphical form, corrected! Ronaldo has headed the ball into the left corner of the goal <== OK! pos score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete obj agt head(pof>body).@def insplt Ronaldo (icl>proper noun) goal(icl>abstract thing) pos mod left(aoj<thing) corner(icl>thing).@def goal(icl>concrete thing)

12 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 11/46 Language : a simple UNL graph (e) linear form, corrected Ronaldo has headed the ball into the left corner of the goal agt(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, Ronaldo(icl>proper noun)) obj(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, goal(icl>thing)) ins(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, head(pof>body).@def) plt(score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete, corner(icl>abstract thing).@def) pos(corner(icl>thing).@def, goal(icl>concrete thing)) pos(head(pof>body).@def, Ronaldo(icl>proper noun)) mod(corner(icl>thing).@def, left(aoj<thing))

13 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 12/46 a UNL graph with recursion and its auxiliary UNL-tree Isaac sees that an apple falls and he explains it. agt(explain(icl>do).@entry,Isaac(icl>proper noun)) obj(explain(icl>do).@entry,:01) obj:01(fall(icl>occur).@entry,apple) and(explain(icl>do).@entry,see(icl>do)) agt(see(icl>do),Isaac(icl>proper noun) obj(see(icl>do),:01) explain Isaac:01 agt see :01 obj and apple fall obj Isaac:01 agt :01 obj UNL tree (auxiliary) explain Isaac agt see agt :01 obj and :01 apple fall obj UNL (hyper) graph

14 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 13/46 What is the UNL language ? Small ongoing controversy… A way to look at a UNL (hyper)graph : it corresponds to an utterance U-L in language L by representing the abstract structure  of an equivalent English utterance U-E  as « viewed from L » ==> the semantic attributes not necessarily expressed in L may be absent : frequent underspecification  aspect coming from French,  determination or number coming from Japanese,  etc.

15 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 14/46 The reasons of using UNL in MT (and it can be used in many other ways!) Technical success of pivot MT does exist (ATLAS, PIVOT, ULTRA, KANT) UNL derives from the pivot of ATLAS-II (Fujitsu) & was designed by the same author (H. Uchida) Possible quality & coverage : ATLAS-II has been the best E  J system since > 10 years It had 586,000 terms in each dictionary in Sept. 2001 Gives certainly a lesser asymptotic quality than transfer of/via « multi-level structure» BUT UNL can be « coedited » from any source language

16 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 15/46 The original UNL-html format Example 1 El/UNL [D:dn=Mar Example 1, on= UNL French, mid=First.Author@here.com] [P] [S:1] {org:el}I ran in the park yesterday.{/org} {unl} agt(run(icl>do).@entry.@past,i(icl>person)) plc(run(icl>do).@entry.@past,park(icl>place).@def) tim(run(icl>do).@entry.@past,yesterday) {/unl} {cn dtime=20020130-2030, deco=man} 我昨天在公園裡跑步 {/cn} {de dtime=20020130-2035, deco=man} Ich lief gestern im Park. {/de} {es dtime=20020130-2031, deco=UNL-SP} Yo corri ayer en el parque.{/es} {fr dtime=20020131-0805, deco=UNL-FR} J’ai couru dans le parc hier. {/fr}[/S] [S:2] {org:el}My dog barked at me.{/org} {unl} agt(bark(icl>do).@entry.@past,dog(icl>animal)) gol(bark(icl>do).@entry.@past,i(icl>person)) pos(dog(icl>animal),i(icl>person)) {/unl}{de dtime=20020130-2036, deco=man} Mein Hund bellte zu mir.{/de} {fr dtime=20020131-0806, deco=UNL-FR} Mon chien aboya pour moi. [/S] [/P][/D]

17 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 16/46 The equivalent UNL-xml format As simple as UNL-html Open to all XML-related tools 我昨天在公園裡跑步 agt(run.@entry.@past,i) plc(run.@entry.@past,park.@def) tim(run.@entry.@past,yesterday) 今日は公園に走っています。 我昨天在公園裡跑步 Ich lief in den Park gestern. I ran in the pary yesterday. Yo corri ayer en el parque. J’ai couru dans le parc hier.

18 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 17/46 Output of the UNL-viewer and display in a browser Output from the viewer (for French) Display (in IE or Netscape or…) Example 1 El/UNL J’ai couru dans le parc hier. Mon chien aboya pour moi. Example 1 El/UNL J’ai couru dans le parc hier. Mon chien aboya pour moi.

19 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 18/46 Scenario for coedition User reads a multilingual document in lang. Li (IE) User wishes to correct some errors in Li User switches to the coedition environment User’s corrections will be executed –later on the text –immediately on the graph User asks for deconversion into Li User iterates corrections if not satisfied, asks for deconversion into L1…Ln when OK User returns to reading mode

20 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 19/46 Example of « FB2004 » (cited in the article) FB2004 = Forum Barcelona 2004 project of « UNL usage normalisation » Spanish, Italian, Russian, French, Hindi 6-8 months in year 2001

21 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 20/46 Example Une cité retrouvera une zone côtière après un forum A city will retrieve a coastal zone after a forum  La cité retrouvera une zone côtière après le Forum The city will retrieve a coastal zone after the Forum

22 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 21/46 Initial UNL graph (textual form) agt(retrieve(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete, city(icl>entity)) tim(retrieve(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete, after) obj(retrieve(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete, zone(icl>place).@indef ) obj(after, forum) mod(zone(icl>place).@indef, coastal(aoj<thing))

23 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 22/46 Initial UNL graph (as is) A city will retrieve(?) a coastal zone after a forum(?) retrieve(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete obj agt tim city(icl>entity) zone(icl>place).@indef obj forum after mod coastal(aoj<thing)

24 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 23/46 Initial UNL graph (annotated) ¿ A/The? city will retrieve(?) a coastal zone after ¿ a/the? forum(?) ¿retrieve?(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete obj agt tim city(icl>entity).@¿_? zone(icl>place).@indef obj forum(¿_?).@¿_? after mod coastal(aoj<thing)

25 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 24/46 Modifications needed add ".@def" on the nodes containing "city", "forum". add "icl>proper name" as a restriction of the UW "forum". Replace "retrieve" by "recover"

26 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 25/46 Transformed UNL graph agt(recover(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete, city(icl>entity).@def ) tim(recover(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete, after) obj(recover(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete, zone(icl>place).@indef ) obj(after, forum(icl>proper noun).@def ) mod(zone(icl>place).@indef, coastal(aoj<thing))

27 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 26/46 Transformed UNL graph The city will recover a coastal zone after the Forum recover(icl>do).@entry.@future.@complete obj agt tim city(icl>entity).@def zone(icl>place).@indef obj forum (icl>proper noun).@def after mod coastal(aoj<thing)

28 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 27/46 How to do it? First, the interface Accessible directly from a browser Normal mode – without seeing the intermediate structure(s) Expert mode (for hackers, fans, young people…) — with direct manipulation of structures

29 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 28/46 Original text Possible Modifications Second Deconversion Manual Insertion Une cité retrouvera une zone côtière après un forum. Show Graph La cité retrouvera une zone côtière après le Forum. DeconversionFind Lemma Une cité retrouvera une zone côtière après un forum. Spanish Italian Japanese Chinese Find CorrespondenceSave Graph English After a Forum, a city will retrieve a coastal zone. Ciudad recobrarà una zona de costal después Foro. Città ricuperarà une zona costiera dopo Forum. フォーラムの後で, 都市は沿 岸水域を取り出 在博覽會之後，城市 將獲得 一片海岸域 After the Forum, the city will have recovered a coastal zone. La ciudad habrá recobrado una zona de costal después el Foro La città ha ricuperarà une zona costiera dopo il Forum. フォーラムの後で, 都市は沿 岸水域を取り出すことを 持っている。 在博覽會之後，城市 將獲得 一片海岸域 QuitSaveMultiple text viewSimple text view Idea of a GUI (n-2th version)

30 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 29/46

31 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 30/46 retrieve (icl>do)(.@entry.@future) zone(icl>place) (.@indef, obj) after(tim)Forum(obj) coastal(mod) indef art noun verb indef art noun adj prop indef art noun sin sin future sin sin sin sin sin Spanish Italian Japanese Chinese QuitSaveMultiple text viewSimple text view retrieve find remember Original text To Do Second Deconversion Manual Insertion Une cité retrouvera une zone côtière après un forum. la Une cité retrouvera une zone côtière après un forum. La cité retrouvera une zone côtière après le Forum. Graph : correspondence uncitéretrouverunzonecôtieraprèsForumun city(agt) Show GraphDeconversionFind LemmaFind CorrespondenceSave Graph English After a Forum, a city will retrieve a coastal zone. Ciudad recobrará una zona de costal después Foro. Città ricuperarà une zona costiera dopo Forum. フォーラムの後で, 都市は沿 岸水域を取り出 在博覽會之後，城市 將獲得 一片海岸域 After the Forum, the city will have recovered a coastal zone. La ciudad habrá recobrado una zona de costal después el Foro. La città ha ricuperato une zona costiera dopo il Forum. フォーラムの後で, 都市は沿 岸水域を取り出すことを 持っている。 在博覽會之後，城市 將獲得 一片海岸域 le Maj dormitory city aa zone coastalafterForum area a

32 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 31/46 Principles of coedition In general, it is impossible to deduce a modification on the graph from a modification on the text For example, to replace "un" ("a") by "le" ("the") doesn’t imply that the following noun is determined (.@def).@def  "il aime la montagne" = "he likes mountains" The revision is not made directly by modifying the text, but by using a system of menus The menu items have a « language side » and a hidden « UNL side »

33 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 32/46 Construction of the correspondence Division in three sub-correspondences UNL graph =1= UNL treeobtained from unfolding the graph =2= SMSlattice or morpho-syntactic automaton =3= Text For =2=, computation of the links by using 1 or 2 dictionaries L0  English or UNL Known relations between L0 attributes and UNL attributes Maximal projectivity principle (tree rotation)

34 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 33/46 Demo of mockup on Internet Explorer… …is not available here, sorry, but we can see the idea with images from the demo. Situation User is in (co)edit mode and has chosen a sentence What will be illustrated IE screen shots (from March obsolete mockup!) Given UNL-graph Computed morphosyntactic lattice Steps in the construction of the correspondence

35 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 34/46

36 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 35/46

37 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 36/46

38 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 37/46 Input UNL-graph (here a tree)

39 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 38/46 UNL-French tree + French lemmas

40 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 39/46 UNL-French disambiguated tree "zone-N" remains, but "diviser-V" disappears

41 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 40/46 On-line free French lemmatizer: PILAF

42 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 41/46 Morphosyntactic lattice 1. Output of French morphological analysis 2. Enrichment by FRE-ENG dictionary

43 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 42/46 SMS  UNL-tree lexical links 3. Enrich the UNL-tree (UNL/ENG-FR) & link

44 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 43/46 SMS  UNL-tree attributive links 4. Link UNL & French attribute values or places

45 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 44/46 New UNL-tree  Chinese text Alignment of tree-text is not always projective

46 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 45/46 New UNL-tree  Spanish text Here, 2 errors remain (de costal, el Foro) ==> need for feed-back to the deconversion sites

47 © Ch. Boitet & Wang-Ju Tsai (GETA, CLIPS) ICUKL-2002, Goa, 25-29/11/02 46/46 Conclusion « Shared revision » seems possible No claim that all corrections could be done/shared this way! Needs further prototyping (1 more Ph.D. year + students) Idea of small experiment formed at ICUKL-2002 « Coedition » is a concept unifying Machine Translation and Multilingual Generation Thanks a lot to our guests & colleagues for the high scientific interest of the conference the excellent organization and the fabulous hospitality

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