2. Overview  Basic Meteorological Assumptions  Traditional Wind Model  Condensation Induced Winds Derivation Experimental Evidence  Greater Implications  Future Research

3. Weather vs Climate

4. Basic Meteorological Assumptions:  Hydrostatic Equilibrium  Ideal Gas Law  Adiabatic Expansion

5.  Hydrostatic Equilibrium

6.  Ideal Gas Law

7.  Adiabatic Expansion Increase in volume without heat flow in or out of the volume (mb) apollo.lsc.vsc.edu Distance (m)

8. Overview  Basic Meteorological Assumptions  Traditional Wind Model  Condensation Induced Winds Derivation Experimental Evidence  Greater Implications  Future Research

9. Traditional Wind Model  Solar Heating Causes Winds.  Wind is caused by differences in pressure resulting from differential heating of the earth’s surface.

10. Pressure and Temperature http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.html

11. Geostrophic Wind ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu

12. Thermal Wind Equation v g – Geostrophic wind v T – Thermal wind f – Coriolis parameter R – Ideal gas law constant

13. Overview  Basic Meteorological Assumptions  Traditional Wind Model  Condensation Induced Winds Derivation Experimental Evidence  Greater Implications  Future Research

14. Overview  Basic Meteorological Assumptions  Traditional Wind Model  Condensation Induced Winds Derivation Experimental Evidence  Greater Implications  Future Research

15. Equations of State for Moist Air Moist air as a whole Water Vapor Dry Air P - pressure N – molar density R – molar gas constant T – absolute temperature

16. Relative Molar Density of Water Vapor The process of condensation in the rising air should be reflected through the changes in:

17.  Molar rate of condensation per unit volume: (1) - velocity vector directed along the temperature gradient toward the lower temperature - vertical velocity - horizontal velocity vertical condensation rate Gravitational expansion Horizontal expansion

18. Coordinate System w 0,u 0 is considered to be the isothermal plane whereas w,u is the horizontal plane.

19. Stationary Continuity Equation (2)  If we consider: (3)  And the conservation of mass for dry air: (4)

20.  We can conclude that:  If we assume an isothermal plane, molar density does not change. (5) (6)

21. We can combine (1) and (5) with a substitution from (6) to obtain: (7) (1) (5) (6)

22. Compact Form: (9) Using the definition for : (8)

23.  Hydrostatic Equilibrium  Adiabatic ascent of moist saturated air  The only phase transition will be condensation in the vertical direction.  Looking strictly at isothermal horizontal plane:

24. Adiabatic Ascent Parcel will not rise in a vertically isothermal atmosphere

25. Adiabatic ascent with a temperature gradient applied in the vertical direction.

26. Overview  Basic Meteorological Assumptions  Traditional Wind Model  Condensation Induced Winds Derivation Experimental Evidence  Greater Implications  Future Research

27. Cylindrical Transformation: Using change of coordinates:

28. Cylindrical Coordinates u(r) - radial velocity w(r) – vertical velocity v(r) – tangential velocity

29. U - The velocity of hurricane movement as a whole also known as translation speed.

30. Theoretical radial and tangential velocity vs category 5 data set o – Data at different levels from twelve observed category 5 hurricanes. - Median values of data sets. Data Analysis from Makarieva and Gorshkov

31. Theoretical Pressure profile vs Holland’s profile Theoretical values for pressure vs Holland’s profile values (empirical).

32. Overview  Basic Meteorological Assumptions  Traditional Wind Model  Condensation Induced Winds Derivation Experimental Evidence  Greater Implications  Future Research

33. Forestry and Precipitation  “The biotic pump is a mechanism in which natural forests create and control ocean-to-land winds, bringing moisture to all terrestrial life.” --Gorshkov and Makarieva 2012

34. Overview  Basic Meteorological Assumptions  Traditional Wind Model  Condensation Induced Winds Derivation Experimental Evidence  Greater Implications  Future Research

35.  Add a condensation component from the biotic pump theory to a climate model. Future Research

36.  Jennifer Fowler – Mentor and all around awesome lady.  Makarieva and Gorshkov – Theory Authors.  Alex Bulmahn  MSGC (Montana Space Grant Consortium)  University of Montana Physics and Astronomy Department