1. History Of Injection Kholoud AlAamer 430201357 Rana AlEdaili 430201242 Ebtihal AlShatri 430200826 Heba AlShammari 430202458 Shahd AlShaibi 430200551

2. Early use 900 A.D.: An Egyptian surgeon Ammar ibn Ali al- Mawsili devised a thin, hollow glass tube with suction to remove cataracts from patients’ eyes. At that time, syringes were only used to remove objects or fluid from humans, not inject them. In 1650, Blaise Pascal invented the concept of a syringe as an application of what is now called Pascal’s Law. http://www.milestonescientific.com/about_history.html

3. Mid-1830s: Forms of intravenous injection and infusion were used in the early and mid-1830s to treat cholera by the use of intravenous saline. The credit for the invention of the hypodermic syringe for medical purposes goes to Doctor Alexander Wood in 1853. In the late 1800’s, a prominent surgeon, Doctor William Halstead applied the use of the hypodermic syringe to dentistry, demonstrating that an interstitial injection of aqueous cocaine resulted in an effective inferior alveolar nerve block; that a small amount of anesthetic injected into the trunk of a sensory nerve resulted in a numbing of pain in all of that nerve’s branches. This discovery ushered in a new era of local pain management for both medicine and dentistry. http://www.milestonescientific.com/about_history.html

4. Absorption of drugs through skin 1- 19 th century The first procedure ( with Plasters ) Example: Morphine The development of the procedure ( solid pellets ) Coating silk thread Intravenous vs. hypodermic ( Subcutaneous injections )

5. -Addiction -Increased chance of infection. -Hard to transfer agent to injectable solution. -Increased chance of overdose -Scarring of the peripheral veins -Arterial damage http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526154 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_injection#Risks http://www.exchangesupplies.org/article_history_of_injecting_and_development_of_the_syringe.php Common problems with early injections

6. Development of Injections Today, science is dedicated to establish an entirely new standard of care for medical injections, to improve the lives of millions of patients around the globe. Until the1960’s the majority of needles and syringes, were re- useable and were supplied unsterilized which lead to the rise of many health problems. Throughout the 20th century, the production of precision- made glass and plastic syringes was gradually refined. Major advancements had been achieved since then. Such as, the production of syringes and needles with interchangeable parts made to exact specifications, rather than as ‘one-off’ items. http://www.exchangesupplies.org/article_history_of_injecting_and_development_of_the_syringe.php http://www.milestonescientific.com/about_history.html

7. Efforts were made to come up with a better way of its use, designed and patented the plastic disposable syringe that we know today. Nowadays a wide range of safe, disposable syringes is found worldwide. Needles are: thinner, shorter and sharper, often specially coated for ease of entry and exit. Self-administration of injectable drugs has certainly become a lot safer and easier, even if it is not the greatest thing to have to do every day. http://www.exchangesupplies.org/article_history_of_injecting_and_development_of_the_syringe.php http://www.milestonescientific.com/about_history.html