1. BACKGROUND TO EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN TRANSPORT POLICY BELGRADE APRIL 2012 HUGH REES

2. Slide 2 Transport is important in its own right – 5% of GDP BUT even more important for a common or now a single market. Treaty of Rome only 2 Common policies  Agriculture  Transport.

3. Slide 3 Main points of transport title Treaty of Rome Common rules applicable to international transport from or passing through a Member State. Conditions under which non-resident carriers may operate services within a M/S Measures to improve transport safety Other appropriate provisions. Agreed in transitional period. State aids compatible-Important for public transport.

4. Slide 4 Although transport was given its own Title in Treaty progress on policy was very slow. Member States had different views on policy often tended to be regulatory and protectionist. Little progress until mid- 1980`s when issue was taken up by the European Parliament. The European Parliament decided to take the Council to the European Court for non- implementation.

5. Slide 5 The European Court found in favour of the Parliament.(1985) In the mid 1980`s the Commission launched the concept of the Single Market including Transport. This was put in force by the Treaty of Maastricht. It became evident that the lack of progress in introducing common Europe wide rules was having a negative effect. At last progress improved on the Single market.

6. Slide 6 The Commission produced a new White Paper in 1992. THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON TRRANSPORT POLICY A GLOBAL APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY.

7. SLIDE 7 MAIN PROPOSALS : A SINGLE MARKET FREE OF UNNECESSARY RED TAPE AND QUANTATIVE RESTRICTIONS. IMPROVED COMPTITIVESNESS OF TRANSPORT FIRMS. BETTER FINANCIAL PERFORMACE AND SERVICES LEVELS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT MEASURES TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT.Lisbon Treaty. THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS ON MARKET OPENING.

8. SLIDE 8 WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE POLICY AS PERHAPS TO BE EXPECTED THEY WERE POSTIVE AND NEGATIVE. ON THE POSITIVE SIDE  PRICES WENT DOWN  NEW SERVICES WERE PRODUCED e.g. air  EMPTY RUNNING DIMINISHED NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT, PETROL DEPENDENCY AND SAFETY.

9. Slide 9 FREIGHT TRANSPORT GROWTH RAILROADINLAND WATERWAYS 1970207377101 1980194581104 1990176797105

10. SLIDE 10 MODAL SHARES FREIGHT RAILROADINLAND WATERWAYS 197027.850.613.6 198020.260.610.8 199015.469.99.2

11. SLIDE 11 PASSENGER TRAFFIC RAILBUS COACH PRIVATE CARS AIR 1970182214139041 1980209278203392 19902313132776196

12. SLIDE 12 MODAL SPLIT PASSENGERS. RAILBUSES COACHES PRIVATE CARS AIR 197010.011.776.12 19808.010.677.8 19906.68.979.0

13. SLIDE 13 OVERALL SPECIFIC PROBLEMS WERE BECAUSE REAL PRICES WENT DOWN TRANSPORT DEMAND WENT UP MORE THAN GDP PARTICULARLY FOR FREIGHT THE INCREASE WENT MAINLY TO ROAD TRANSPORT AS THE MARKET OPENING WAS GREATEST AND EXTERNAL COSTS WERE NOT COVERED. CONGESTION BECAME WIDESPREAD ON THE ROADS URBAN AREAS AND SOME AIRPORTS- REPRESENTING 0.5 OF GDP

14. SLIDE 14 THIS WAS THE SITUATION IN 2000. A NEW WHITE PAPER WAS ISSUED EUROPEAN TRANSPORT POLICY FOR 2010 A TIME TO DECIDE. THE WHITE PAPER WAS AIMED TO TRY TO FIND A WAY TO ENSURE THAT TRANSPORT POLICY REMAINED FOCUSSED ON EFFICINCY BUT ALSO TOOK ACCOUNT OF THE NEED TO BE SUSTAINABLE. IN PARTICULAR IT NOTED THAT TRANSPORT :

15. SLIDE 15 CREATED HARMFUL EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH AND ACCIDENTS.TRANSPORT REPRESENTED 28%OF CO2 WHICH WAS FORECAST TO RISE BY 50% BY 2010 PETROL REPRESENTED 98% OF ENERGY USE ALTHOUGH CLEAR SIGNS OF PEAK OIL WERE CLEAR. ECONOMIC GROWTH WILL GENERAL NEW DEMANDS FOR TRANSPORT FORECAST AT 24% FOR PASSENGERS AND 38% FOR FREIGHT BY 2010. ROAD DEATHS 40.000 PA.

16. SLIDE 16 RECOMMENDED APPROACH A SERIES OF MEASURES TO RETURN MODAL SPLIT TO THE 1998 LEVEL BY 2010. MEASURES WOULD INCLUDE BETTER PRICING,MORE TARGETED INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE, REVITALISING THE RAILWAYS,IMPROVING QUALITY IN ROAD TRANSPORT,PROMOTING SEA AND INLAND WATERWAYS TRANSPORT.REORGANISING AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. REDUCING THE NUMBER OF DEATHS ON THE ROAD BY 50%

17. SLIDE 17 POSITION IN 2010 THE PROPOSALS HAVE ONLY BEEN PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL ECONOMIC ; MARKET OPENING, COSTS,FUEL DEPENDEPENCY, INFRASTRUCTURE SOCIAL ; CONSUMERS, ACCIDENTS. ENVIRONMENTAL, CO2 OTHER POLLUTANTS. TRANSPORT POLICY HAS PROGRESSED FROM THE STAGE OF CREATING A COMMON SET OF RULES THAT WERE NON DISCRIMINATORY AND JUSTIFABLE. THE SINGLE MARKET IN THIS RESPECT HAS VERY LARGELY BEEN ACHIEVED. WHAT IS MUCH MORE DIFFICULT IS TO MAKE THE SYSTEM SUSTAINABLE.