1. 1 HVACR116 – Trade Skills Structural Drawings

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3. 3 Objectives After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks: o Describe the footings for columns and walls, including dimensions and reinforcement o Interpret the information found on a foundation plan, including dimensions of foundation walls, reinforcement of foundations, and the locations of the various elements After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks: o Describe the footings for columns and walls, including dimensions and reinforcement o Interpret the information found on a foundation plan, including dimensions of foundation walls, reinforcement of foundations, and the locations of the various elements

4. 4 Objectives (cont’d.) After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks (cont’d.): o Describe each column, beam, and lintel shown on the structural drawings o Interpret structural details and sections After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks (cont’d.): o Describe each column, beam, and lintel shown on the structural drawings o Interpret structural details and sections

5. 5 Foundations for Commercial Buildings Foundation supports load imposed on superstructure and spreads it over a large area, so earth supports it uniformly o Commercial construction foundation systems include spread footings, stem walls, and pads o Biggest difference is footing thickness and amount of reinforcing steel Foundation supports load imposed on superstructure and spreads it over a large area, so earth supports it uniformly o Commercial construction foundation systems include spread footings, stem walls, and pads o Biggest difference is footing thickness and amount of reinforcing steel

6. 6 Foundations (cont’d.) Drawing consists of a plan showing foundation layout, major dimensions, and detail drawings o Column footing placement is indicated by referencing structural grid coordinates o Structural grid indicates column centerline Drawing consists of a plan showing foundation layout, major dimensions, and detail drawings o Column footing placement is indicated by referencing structural grid coordinates o Structural grid indicates column centerline

7. 7 Foundations (cont’d.) Figure 39–1. The column load must be centered on the footing.

8. 8 Structural Steel Framing Consists of columns (vertical) and beams (horizontal) o Girders (largest beams) attach to columns o Joists (intermediate beams) are supported at ends by girders o Lintels are beams that support weight above an opening Consists of columns (vertical) and beams (horizontal) o Girders (largest beams) attach to columns o Joists (intermediate beams) are supported at ends by girders o Lintels are beams that support weight above an opening

9. 9 Figure 39–2. Major parts of a building frame.

10. 10 Figure 39–3. Structural coordinates are shown on the framing plans and floor plans.

11. 11 Figure 39–4. Notations on the drawings indicate the relative elevations of beams. Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.)

12. 12 Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.) Joists are frequently open-web steel joists Figure 39–5. Open-web steel joists (often called bar joists). Courtesy of Willis: Blueprint Reading for Commercial Construction, by Delmar Learning.

13. 13 Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.) Actual lengths of members are not shown on general contract drawings o Shown on shop drawings, drawn by steel fabricator, after construction drawings are completed Actual lengths of members are not shown on general contract drawings o Shown on shop drawings, drawn by steel fabricator, after construction drawings are completed

14. 14 Structural Steel Framing (cont’d.) Figure 39-6. A lintel may be considered loose steel if it is not attached to the frame. Figure 39-7. Lintel schedule.

15. 15 Masonry Reinforcement Mortar in joints is poor at resisting forces o Reinforcement is done by embedding welded-wire reinforcement in joints Building walls with reinforcement bars in unit cores and filling with concrete (grout) achieves greater strength o Reinforcing steel ties structural elements together Mortar in joints is poor at resisting forces o Reinforcement is done by embedding welded-wire reinforcement in joints Building walls with reinforcement bars in unit cores and filling with concrete (grout) achieves greater strength o Reinforcing steel ties structural elements together

16. 16 Masonry Reinforcement (cont’d.) Figure 39-9. A bond beam is used to strengthen the top of the wall. Figure 39–8. Masonry joint reinforcement.